liquefaction pathways of bituminous subbituminous coals andtheir

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RM-59-1 Vacuum 22 3.221 RM-59-1 Vacuum 22 2.889 reproducibility check RM-68-2 Vacuum 22 2.969 repro. different sample ND175 Nitrogen 40 1.811 RM-67-1 Vacuum 40 2.141 ND177 Nitrogen 60 1.887 ND178 Nitrogen 70 1.286 Questionable value RM-62-1 Nitrogen 110 1.819 RM-63-1 Vacuum 110 1.768 RM-65-1 Nitrogen 150 1.865 RM-65-1 Vacuum 150 1.900 RM-66-1 Vacuum 150 1.764 repeat above after heating overnight in N2 at 150OC. For comparison a run was made using Wyodak subbituminous coal: RM-68-1 vacuum 25 10.61 Clearly the subbituminous coal has a much larger surface area, reflecting a greater order in the coal particles, and better developed pore structure. CONCLUSIONS Generalizations on Lignite Drying 1. A complete understanding of the rate of lignite drying must include the effects of a number of variables. Some of these are inherent in the material itself, others depend on the processing given to the material, and still others have to do with mass transfer effects. 2. The rate of drying is affected by the temperature, gas flow, sample thickness and history. For the experiments conducted in this study the rate of drying from the 10 mm diameter container can be expressed by: Log rate = .0248 * Temp. (K) + .00376 * gas flow (cc/min) - .00528 sample wt (mg) - 3.295. 3. There is a unimolecular mechanism for the initial 6045% of the weight loss. A transition occurs to a slower mechanism until about 1% of the water remains. 4. There are at least two kinds of water present in the low rank coals. The terms llfreezable" and t'non-freezable@l have been applied to these. The kinetic data support this concept, and extend the perception to exchange between the two forms. The initial water loss corresponds to "freezable" water, while the later loss corresponds to "non-freezable" water. Generalizations on Subbituminous Drying 1. The behavior of subbituminous coal on drying is'very similar to that of lignite. 590
2. The mechanism of drying is a unimolecular process. There is a transition after about 80% of moisture loss to a slower unimolecular process. 3. The rate of drying is affected by the temperature, sample thickness or weight and history. For the experiments conducted in this study the rate of drying from the 10 mm diameter container can be expressed by: Log rate = .0242 * Temp. (K) - .00673 sample w t (mg) - 9.315. 4. The subbituminous coal has a larger nitrogen BET surface area, but the rate of drying is not enhanced by this larger area. ACKNOWLEDGHENTB The author is grateful for the support of the Office of Fossil Energy, U. S. Department of Energy in this work. REFERENCES 1. Vorres, K. S., R. Kolman, and T. Griswold, Am. Chem. SOC. Preprints Fuel Chem. Div. =.(2), 333 (1988). 2. Vorres, K. S. and R. Kolman, Am. Chem. SOC. Preprints Fuel Div. 11 (3), 7 (1988). 3. Vorres, K. S., Wertz, D. L., Malhotra, V. M., Dang. Joseph, J. T. and Fisher, R. Fuel, a (9) 1047-1053 (1992) 4. Vorres, K. S. Am. Chem. SOC. Preprints Fuel Chem. Div. (Z), 928 (1992). See also Vorres, K. S., Wertz, D., Joseph, J. T., and Fisher, R., Am. Chem. SOC. Preprints Fuel Chem. Div. (3), 853 (1991) and Vorres, K. S., Molenda, D., Dang, Y., and Malhotra, V. M. .Am. Chem. SOC. Preprints Fuel Chem. Div. a (l), 108 (1991). 5. Abhari, R. and L. L. Isaacs, Energy & Fuels 4, 448 (1990). 6. Vorres, K. S. Energy & Fuels 4 (5) 420-426 (1990) 7. Mraw, S. C. and B. G. Silbernagel, Am. Inst. Physics Proceed- ings =, 332 (1981). 8. Mraw, S. C. and Naas-O'Rourke, D. F., Science, 205 901 (1979) and J. Coll. Int. Sci., 89 268 (1982) 591
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LIQUEFACTION PATHWAYS OF BITUMINOUS
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the conversion of A+P and O+G with
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Asphaltcncs PrCasphaltenCS Cwr%, da
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NEW DIRECTIONS TO PRECONVERSION PRO
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ecause of incorporation of the coal
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should be considered more. The step
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17 18 Run no. 0 cys I ToS-CyS TS-To
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INTRODUCTION Effects of Thermal and
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apid decline in modulus. The loss m
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-0.01- . 04 5 -0.03- E 6 -0.0s- c)
Page 21 and 22:
Assessment of Small Particle Iron O
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yields are calculated by subtractin
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conversion is greater than the corr
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Table 3. Effect of Superfine Iron O
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EFFECT OF A CATALYST ON THE DISSOLU
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inherent volatility of Mo(CO), perm
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Analysis of the quantity and compos
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$ EO .- 0 m L 0 c 0 0 > 40 300 350
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0 0 0 0 0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.0
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of these studies indicate that cont
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Different levels of adsorption occu
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Nominal 2 Table 1. Concentration of
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- iF m 1.6 1.4 1.2 - - - 1- 0 0.8 -
Page 47 and 48:
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Swelling of
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. . % . . 9 'HF 0 0 0 *. . 0 . . 0
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1.50 KQ 1.00 0.50 I / ' 02 525 I 1
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hydrogen atoms. The hydrogen atoms
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D to generate more D atoms. It is r
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12. a. Poutsma, M. L.; Dyer, C. W.
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Figure 3. Minimum Steps to Explin D
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Apoaratus and Procedure Microflow R
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Model ComDound Test Figure 5 shows
Page 65 and 66: Figure 1. High resolution gas chrom
Page 67 and 68: Figure 5. Product distribution for
Page 69 and 70: THQ at somewhat higher temperatures
Page 71 and 72: areas of the particles and the SEM
Page 73 and 74: Experimental Catalyst Precursors an
Page 75 and 76: impregnating solvent. Table 3 shows
Page 77 and 78: of MoCo-TC2 at the level of 0.5 wt%
Page 79 and 80: Table 4. Effect of Temperature Prog
Page 81 and 82: In the past, chemical treatments in
Page 83 and 84: The effect of Corn20 preaatment on
Page 85 and 86: Reaction Time Figure 1 - Schematic
Page 87 and 88: DISSOLUTION OF THE ARGONNE PREMIUM
Page 89 and 90: A much more def~tive trend is seen
Page 91 and 92: EFFECT OF CHLOROBENZENE TREATMENT O
Page 93 and 94: same conditions and an extraction t
Page 95 and 96: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors thank t
Page 97 and 98: THE STRUCTURAL &=RATION OF HUMINlTE
Page 99 and 100: to be originally derived from demet
Page 101 and 102: 145 30 I --/---Jh I , , I I , 250 2
Page 103 and 104: THE EFFECTS OF MOISTURE AND CATIONS
Page 105 and 106: 1 for the Zap lignite. These result
Page 107 and 108: content of the samples ion-exchange
Page 109 and 110: Table 1. F'yrolysis Results of Vacu
Page 111 and 112: 585 I
Page 113 and 114: EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE, SAMPLE SI2E
Page 115: of some of the thermobalance runs.
Page 119 and 120: Influence of Drying and Oxidation 0
Page 121 and 122: "c gives W conversion mpared to the
Page 123 and 124: Table 1. Products dismbutions (dmmf
Page 125 and 126: - 50 45 40 E 35 2 30 E T) 25 ap 20
Page 127 and 128: Influence of Drying and Oxidation o
Page 129 and 130: FTIR . . of the L m To investigate
Page 131 and 132: CONCLUSIONS The characexizntion of
Page 133 and 134: A b S 0 r b a n C e A b s 0 r b a n
Page 135 and 136: An NMR Investigation of the Effd of
Page 137 and 138: for determining the area of the pea
Page 139 and 140: of the ronl roniponcnte nnd (2) the
Page 141 and 142: 2w 180 160 9 140 120 P loo f 80 P O
Page 143 and 144: 25 I 20 ' + 0 Drying lime, hours Fi
Page 145 and 146: substructure have been identified a
Page 147 and 148: Pyridine extraction showed that 60
Page 149 and 150: Figure 1. Reflected white-light pho
Page 151 and 152: Table 3. Pyridine Extraction Sample
Page 153 and 154: A bang-bang control strategy was us
Page 155 and 156: increased from 120°C to 135”C, r
Page 157 and 158: * wt% based on the amount of naphth
Page 159 and 160: Use of Biocatalysts for the Solubil
Page 161 and 162: Results Enzyme Modification with Di
Page 163 and 164: Conclusions Reducing enzymes can be
Page 165 and 166: Dynamics of the Extract Molecular-W
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where yi = (x-xi !/pi. The zero mom
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satisfactory agreement between theo
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0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 “E \ bo Y, - 1 0
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The Use of Solid State C-13 NMR Spe
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differences lie in the fact that th
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I- z W 0 K W n PROTONATED AROMATIC
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ZAP WIO SIDE CHAINS IN PYRIDINE EXT
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ORGAFlIC VOLATILE MATER AND ITS SUL
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(Figure 1). They indicated that the
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Table 3. Elemental analysis of arom
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1- 700'C Figure 3. GClFID chromatog
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