BOTANY Higher Secondary Second Year - Textbooks Online

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Stamen Stigma Ovule A male flower L.S. of Female flower C.S. of ovary Ovule Male flower A twig Polyadelphous stamens Fig. 1.8. Ricinus communis 52 A stamen A female flower Male flower-floral diagram Female flower-floral diagram Br., Ebrl., ⊕, , P (5) , A ∝ , G 0 . Anther Female flower Stamen Stigma Ovary Filament Perianth Br., Ebrl.,⊕, + , P , A , G . (3) 0 (3)
1. Food plants ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE The tuberous root of Manihot esculenta (tapioca) is rich in starch and forms valuable food stuff. The fleshy fruits of Phyllanthus emblica (Gooseberry) are rich in vitamin C. The fruit is edible and pickled. 2. Oil plants Castor oil extracted from the seeds of Ricinus communis (Castor) is used as lubricant, vegetable oil and purgative. Jatropha oil obtained from the seeds of Jatropha curcas (Kattamanakku) is used as purgative, to treat skin diseases and to extract bio-diesel. 3. Medicinal plants The entire shoot system of Phyllanthus amarus (Keezhanelli) is used to treat jaundice. The leaves and roots of Jatropha gossypifolia are used in the treatment of leprosy and snakebite. 4. Rubber plants Over 98% of total natural rubber produced in the world is obtained from the coagulated latex of Hevea brasiliensis (para rubber) and Manihot glaziovii (manicoba rubber). 5. Ornamental plants Euphorbia pulcherrima, Codiaeum variegatum (croton of gardens), E. tirucalli (milk bush) are examples for ornamental plants. Self evaluation I . Choose and write the correct options. 1. Euphorbiaceae includes about a. 82 genera. b. 90 genera c. 300 genera d. 254 genera. 2. Ricinus communis is a a. herb b. shrub c. tree d. cladode. 53
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BOTANY Higher Secondary Second Year
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Preface The most important and cruc
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1. Taxonomy PRACTICALS (30 periods)
Page 7 and 8: 1. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS Taxonomy
Page 9 and 10: compared to perianth with two whorl
Page 11 and 12: a total variety or species. To conc
Page 13 and 14: well known system of classification
Page 15 and 16: Self Evaluation I . Choose and writ
Page 17 and 18: Series (iii) Calyciflorae It includ
Page 19 and 20: Class III Monocotyledonae Seeds of
Page 21 and 22: 5. How many families were described
Page 23 and 24: Flower Bracteate or ebracteate, bra
Page 25 and 26: A twig Sepal Epicalyx Calyx A petal
Page 27 and 28: Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
Page 29 and 30: Inflorescence Usually a raceme eg.
Page 31 and 32: Calyx Ovary Gynoecium Bracteole Flo
Page 33 and 34: 5. Fibre plants Fibres obtained fro
Page 35 and 36: 1.3.3. RUBIACEAE - the coffee famil
Page 37 and 38: Stem Leaf Aerial, erect, branched,
Page 39 and 40: 1. Beverage plants ECONOMIC IMPORTA
Page 41 and 42: 1.3.4. ASTERACEAE - the sunflower f
Page 43 and 44: Habit Root Stem Leaf Botanical desc
Page 45 and 46: Fruit Seed A cypsela. Non-endosperm
Page 49 and 50: Flower Bracteate (eg. Petunia hybri
Page 51 and 52: Stamen Epipetalous stamens T.S. of
Page 55 and 56: (eg. Jatropha curcas). In xerophyti
Page 57: Perianth Tepals 5, arranged in sing
Page 61 and 62: MONOCOT FAMILY 1.3.7 MUSACEAE - the
Page 63 and 64: Habit Root Stem Botanical descripti
Page 65 and 66: Androecium Stamens 6, in two whorls
Page 67 and 68: 1.3.8. ARECACEAE - the palm family
Page 69 and 70: Habit Botanical description of Coco
Page 71 and 72: Gynoecium Absent but pistillode is
Page 73 and 74: II. Answer the following questions
Page 75 and 76: Classification of meristem Based on
Page 77 and 78: oval, spherical, rectangular, cylin
Page 79 and 80: Fibres Fibre cells are dead cells.
Page 81 and 82: Tracheid conducting elements in ang
Page 83 and 84: a lining layer of cytoplasm. This i
Page 85 and 86: 2. Epidermis protects the underlyin
Page 87 and 88: made up of barrel shaped parenchyma
Page 89 and 90: 2.2. Anatomy of monocot and dicot r
Page 91 and 92: The endodermal cells, which are opp
Page 93 and 94: Cortex Cortex consists of only pare
Page 97 and 98: Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
Page 99 and 100: Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
Page 101 and 102: Xylem Xylem consists of xylem fibre
Page 103 and 104: 2.4. Anatomy of a dicot and monocot
Page 105 and 106: Vascular tissues Vascular tissues a
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1. Formation of interfascicular cam
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Formation of periderm As secondary
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Each annual ring refers to one year
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8. What are complementary cells? 9.
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chromosome has one centromere and t
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Chromosomal puff Dark band inter ba
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The genome size of an individual is
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ound pollen (bbll). All the F1 hybr
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points called chiasmata. Crossing o
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3.4. Recombination of chromosome Th
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Point or gene mutation Point mutati
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II. Answer the following questions
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127 Fig. 3.6 Chromosomal aberration
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Autopolyploidy Ploidy - flow chart
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Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
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cells was injected into the mouse,
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Replication fork Super coil DNA pol
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3.8. Structure of RNA and its types
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Role of RNA in protein synthesis Th
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The transfer of message present in
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IV. Answer the following questions
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to join DNA fragments. Thus the res
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Ti plasmid T-DNA Foreign DNA Bacter
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Restriction enzyme and ligase do no
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4.2 Transgenic plants Introduction
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introducing Bt toxin gene in cotton
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2. The number of transgenic plants
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Pot plant Explant Inoculation Surfa
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. Embryogenesis Formation of embryo
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Strain A Strain B Isolation of prot
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The term ‘single cell protein’
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8. What is PEG? 9. How do you remov
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Many enzymes consists of a protein
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5.1.3. Theories explaining the mech
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5.2.1. Significance of photosynthes
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The reactions of photosynthesis can
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179 Fig. 5.8. Non-cyclic photophosp
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Difference between cyclic and noncy
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power NADPH 2 . So, two molecules o
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Fig.5.11 Hatch-Slack pathway of CO
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Difference between C 3 and C 4 phot
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Glycine molecules enter into mitoch
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Among leaf factors, such as leaf ag
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Epiphyte eg. Vanda Aerial root Part
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When an insect is attracted by the
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11. The gas evolved during photosyn
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40. Explain the test tube and funne
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201 Fig. 5.17 Overall scheme of res
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Fig. 5.18 Process of Glycolysis 203
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decarboxylation and dehydrogenation
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9. The malic acid is oxidized to ox
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is fixed in the vertical position w
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Nonoxidative phase In this phase, v
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Respiratory quotient for anaerobic
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5. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is cle
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32. Write short notes on anaerobic
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this phase is called lag phase. It
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Physiological effects of auxin Auxi
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endosperm of coconut. Cytokinin occ
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4. Bakanae disease in paddy is caus
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5.5. Photoperiodism and vernalizati
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c. sunflower d. maize 4. Which of t
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1. To develop more food crops 2. To
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Clonal selection Crops like sugarca
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The haploid individual plant will h
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methods new improved crops are obta
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6.2. Crop diseases and their contro
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Pathogen The mycelium of Cercospora
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3. They also bring about considerab
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It is hoped that one day geneticall
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2. The genetic resources of the dev
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This will affect millions of uneduc
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additives. It depends upon crop rot
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COMMONLY AVAILABLE MEDICINAL PLANTS
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urinary infections, tuberculosis, m
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Groundnut oil is used to a limited
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