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several bundles. Anthers are dithecous. Rudimentary ovary called pistillode is often present in male flowers. Gynoecium Ovary superior, tricarpellary and syncarpous. Ovary trilocular with one or two ovules in each locule on axile placentation. Ovary is distinctly three lobed. Styles three, each ending in a bifid stigma. Fruit Most commonly schizocarpic capsule or drupe. It is regma in Ricinus communis, dehiscing into three cocci. Seed Endospermous. Botanical description of Ricinus communis Habit Perennial shrub. Root Branched tap root system. Stem Aerial, erect, herbaceaous but woody below, branched and hollow. Young branches are covered with hair like outgrowth. Latex is present. Leaf Petiolate, exstipulate, alternate, deeply palmately lobed with 7 or more lobes. Venation is palmately reticulate divergent. Inflorescence Compound raceme or panicle and terminal. Male flowers are seen below and female flowers near the apex. Male Flower Bracteate, ebracteolate, pedicellate, actinomorphic and incomplete. 50
Perianth Tepals 5, arranged in single whorl, gamophyllous, valvate aestivation and odd tepal is posterior in position. Androecium Stamens many, polyadelphous, filaments branched and united to form five branches. Anthers are dithecous, globose, basifixed, introrse and dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Gynoecium Absent but pistillode is present. Floral Formula Br., Ebrl., ⊕, , P (5) , A ∝ , G 0 . Female Flower Bracteate, ebracteolate, pedicellate, actinomorphic, incomplete and hypogynous. Perianth Tepals 3 arranged in single whorl and gamophyllous showing valvate aestivation. Androecium Absent but staminode is present. Gynoecium Ovary superior, tricarpellary and syncarpous. Ovary trilocular with one ovule in each locule on axile placentation. Styles 3, deep red and long. Bifid with feathery stigma. Fruit Fruit is called regma. It is covered by spinous outgrowths. The fruit splits into three one seeded cocci. Seed Endospermous. Floral Formula Br., Ebrl.,⊕, + , P , A , G . (3) 0 (3) 51
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BOTANY Higher Secondary Second Year
Page 3 and 4:
Preface The most important and cruc
Page 5 and 6: 1. Taxonomy PRACTICALS (30 periods)
Page 7 and 8: 1. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS Taxonomy
Page 9 and 10: compared to perianth with two whorl
Page 11 and 12: a total variety or species. To conc
Page 13 and 14: well known system of classification
Page 15 and 16: Self Evaluation I . Choose and writ
Page 17 and 18: Series (iii) Calyciflorae It includ
Page 19 and 20: Class III Monocotyledonae Seeds of
Page 21 and 22: 5. How many families were described
Page 23 and 24: Flower Bracteate or ebracteate, bra
Page 25 and 26: A twig Sepal Epicalyx Calyx A petal
Page 27 and 28: Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
Page 29 and 30: Inflorescence Usually a raceme eg.
Page 31 and 32: Calyx Ovary Gynoecium Bracteole Flo
Page 33 and 34: 5. Fibre plants Fibres obtained fro
Page 35 and 36: 1.3.3. RUBIACEAE - the coffee famil
Page 37 and 38: Stem Leaf Aerial, erect, branched,
Page 39 and 40: 1. Beverage plants ECONOMIC IMPORTA
Page 41 and 42: 1.3.4. ASTERACEAE - the sunflower f
Page 43 and 44: Habit Root Stem Leaf Botanical desc
Page 45 and 46: Fruit Seed A cypsela. Non-endosperm
Page 49 and 50: Flower Bracteate (eg. Petunia hybri
Page 51 and 52: Stamen Epipetalous stamens T.S. of
Page 55: (eg. Jatropha curcas). In xerophyti
Page 59 and 60: 1. Food plants ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
Page 61 and 62: MONOCOT FAMILY 1.3.7 MUSACEAE - the
Page 63 and 64: Habit Root Stem Botanical descripti
Page 65 and 66: Androecium Stamens 6, in two whorls
Page 67 and 68: 1.3.8. ARECACEAE - the palm family
Page 69 and 70: Habit Botanical description of Coco
Page 71 and 72: Gynoecium Absent but pistillode is
Page 73 and 74: II. Answer the following questions
Page 75 and 76: Classification of meristem Based on
Page 77 and 78: oval, spherical, rectangular, cylin
Page 79 and 80: Fibres Fibre cells are dead cells.
Page 81 and 82: Tracheid conducting elements in ang
Page 83 and 84: a lining layer of cytoplasm. This i
Page 85 and 86: 2. Epidermis protects the underlyin
Page 87 and 88: made up of barrel shaped parenchyma
Page 89 and 90: 2.2. Anatomy of monocot and dicot r
Page 91 and 92: The endodermal cells, which are opp
Page 93 and 94: Cortex Cortex consists of only pare
Page 95 and 96: II. Answer the following questions
Page 97 and 98: Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
Page 99 and 100: Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
Page 101 and 102: Xylem Xylem consists of xylem fibre
Page 103 and 104: 2.4. Anatomy of a dicot and monocot
Page 105 and 106: Vascular tissues Vascular tissues a
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II. Answer the following questions
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1. Formation of interfascicular cam
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Formation of periderm As secondary
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Each annual ring refers to one year
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8. What are complementary cells? 9.
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chromosome has one centromere and t
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Chromosomal puff Dark band inter ba
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The genome size of an individual is
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ound pollen (bbll). All the F1 hybr
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points called chiasmata. Crossing o
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3.4. Recombination of chromosome Th
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Point or gene mutation Point mutati
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127 Fig. 3.6 Chromosomal aberration
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Autopolyploidy Ploidy - flow chart
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Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
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cells was injected into the mouse,
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Replication fork Super coil DNA pol
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3.8. Structure of RNA and its types
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Role of RNA in protein synthesis Th
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The transfer of message present in
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IV. Answer the following questions
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to join DNA fragments. Thus the res
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Ti plasmid T-DNA Foreign DNA Bacter
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Restriction enzyme and ligase do no
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4.2 Transgenic plants Introduction
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introducing Bt toxin gene in cotton
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2. The number of transgenic plants
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Pot plant Explant Inoculation Surfa
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. Embryogenesis Formation of embryo
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Strain A Strain B Isolation of prot
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The term ‘single cell protein’
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8. What is PEG? 9. How do you remov
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Many enzymes consists of a protein
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5.1.3. Theories explaining the mech
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5.2.1. Significance of photosynthes
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The reactions of photosynthesis can
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179 Fig. 5.8. Non-cyclic photophosp
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Difference between cyclic and noncy
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power NADPH 2 . So, two molecules o
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Fig.5.11 Hatch-Slack pathway of CO
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Difference between C 3 and C 4 phot
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Glycine molecules enter into mitoch
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Among leaf factors, such as leaf ag
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Epiphyte eg. Vanda Aerial root Part
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When an insect is attracted by the
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11. The gas evolved during photosyn
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40. Explain the test tube and funne
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201 Fig. 5.17 Overall scheme of res
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Fig. 5.18 Process of Glycolysis 203
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decarboxylation and dehydrogenation
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9. The malic acid is oxidized to ox
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is fixed in the vertical position w
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Nonoxidative phase In this phase, v
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Respiratory quotient for anaerobic
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5. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is cle
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32. Write short notes on anaerobic
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this phase is called lag phase. It
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Physiological effects of auxin Auxi
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endosperm of coconut. Cytokinin occ
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4. Bakanae disease in paddy is caus
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5.5. Photoperiodism and vernalizati
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c. sunflower d. maize 4. Which of t
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1. To develop more food crops 2. To
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Clonal selection Crops like sugarca
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The haploid individual plant will h
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methods new improved crops are obta
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6.2. Crop diseases and their contro
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Pathogen The mycelium of Cercospora
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3. They also bring about considerab
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It is hoped that one day geneticall
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2. The genetic resources of the dev
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This will affect millions of uneduc
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additives. It depends upon crop rot
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COMMONLY AVAILABLE MEDICINAL PLANTS
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urinary infections, tuberculosis, m
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Groundnut oil is used to a limited
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