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The heads are of two types, heterogamous and homogamous. There are two types of florets in heterogamous heads eg. Helianthus annuus and Tridax procumbens (Vettukkaya plant). The central florets are tubular, bisexual and also known as disc florets. The marginal florets are ligulate, pistillate and also known as ray florets. In homogamous heads, all the florets are tubular as in Vernonia arborea and Ageratum mexicanum. All the florets are ligulate as in Launaea pinnatifida. Flower Very small in size hence referred to as florets, sessile, bracteolate (eg. Helianthus annuus) or ebracteolate (eg. Tridax procumbens). Pentamerous and epigynous. The disc florets are generally complete, bisexual and actinomorphic, whereas the ray florets are incomplete, pistillate or neutral and zygomorphic. Calyx In many species calyx is reduced to numerous hairy appendages called pappus, arranged on top of the ovary. The persistent pappus acts like a parachute and helps in the dispersal of fruit. Corolla Petals 5, gamopetalous showing valvate aestivation, regular and tubular in disc florets and irregular and ligulate or bilabiate in ray florets. Androecium Stamens 5, epipetalous and alternate the petals. The stamens are syngenesious i.e. only anthers are fused into a tube around the style and filaments are free. Anthers are dithecous, basifixed and dehiscing longitudinally. Gynoecium Ovary inferior, bicarpellary and syncarpous. Ovary unilocular with a single ovule on basal placentation. Style simple with bifid stigma. Fruit Cypsela, single seeded, dry indehiscent fruit developing from an inferior ovary. Seed Non-endospermous. 36
Habit Root Stem Leaf Botanical description of Tridax procumbens A decumbent herb. Stem and leaves are covered by hairs. Tap root system. Herbaceous, cylindrical, decumbent and branched. Simple, opposite, exstipulate and margins dentate showing reticulate venation. Inflorescence A terminal heterogamous head and receptacle of the head is convex and surrounded by green involucre. The tubular florets occupy the centre and the ligulate florets are found at the margins. Tubular or disc florets Bracteate, ebracteolate, sessile, complete, bisexual, pentamerous, actinomorphic and epigynous. Calyx Reduced into numerous hairy outgrowths called pappus arranged on top of ovary and persistent. Corolla Petals 5, gamopetalous, regular, tubular and showing valvate aestivation. Androecium Stamens 5, epipetalous, syngenesious and alternate with petals. Anthers are dithecous, basifixed, introrse and dehiscing longitudinally. Gynoecium Ovary inferior, bicarpellary and syncarpous. Ovary unilocular with a single ovule on basal placentation. Style simple with bifid stigma. 37
Page 1 and 2: BOTANY Higher Secondary Second Year
Page 3 and 4: Preface The most important and cruc
Page 5 and 6: 1. Taxonomy PRACTICALS (30 periods)
Page 7 and 8: 1. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS Taxonomy
Page 9 and 10: compared to perianth with two whorl
Page 11 and 12: a total variety or species. To conc
Page 13 and 14: well known system of classification
Page 15 and 16: Self Evaluation I . Choose and writ
Page 17 and 18: Series (iii) Calyciflorae It includ
Page 19 and 20: Class III Monocotyledonae Seeds of
Page 21 and 22: 5. How many families were described
Page 23 and 24: Flower Bracteate or ebracteate, bra
Page 25 and 26: A twig Sepal Epicalyx Calyx A petal
Page 27 and 28: Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
Page 29 and 30: Inflorescence Usually a raceme eg.
Page 31 and 32: Calyx Ovary Gynoecium Bracteole Flo
Page 33 and 34: 5. Fibre plants Fibres obtained fro
Page 35 and 36: 1.3.3. RUBIACEAE - the coffee famil
Page 37 and 38: Stem Leaf Aerial, erect, branched,
Page 39 and 40: 1. Beverage plants ECONOMIC IMPORTA
Page 41: 1.3.4. ASTERACEAE - the sunflower f
Page 45 and 46: Fruit Seed A cypsela. Non-endosperm
Page 49 and 50: Flower Bracteate (eg. Petunia hybri
Page 51 and 52: Stamen Epipetalous stamens T.S. of
Page 55 and 56: (eg. Jatropha curcas). In xerophyti
Page 57 and 58: Perianth Tepals 5, arranged in sing
Page 59 and 60: 1. Food plants ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
Page 61 and 62: MONOCOT FAMILY 1.3.7 MUSACEAE - the
Page 63 and 64: Habit Root Stem Botanical descripti
Page 65 and 66: Androecium Stamens 6, in two whorls
Page 67 and 68: 1.3.8. ARECACEAE - the palm family
Page 69 and 70: Habit Botanical description of Coco
Page 71 and 72: Gynoecium Absent but pistillode is
Page 73 and 74: II. Answer the following questions
Page 75 and 76: Classification of meristem Based on
Page 77 and 78: oval, spherical, rectangular, cylin
Page 79 and 80: Fibres Fibre cells are dead cells.
Page 81 and 82: Tracheid conducting elements in ang
Page 83 and 84: a lining layer of cytoplasm. This i
Page 85 and 86: 2. Epidermis protects the underlyin
Page 87 and 88: made up of barrel shaped parenchyma
Page 89 and 90: 2.2. Anatomy of monocot and dicot r
Page 91 and 92: The endodermal cells, which are opp
Page 93 and 94:
Cortex Cortex consists of only pare
Page 95 and 96:
II. Answer the following questions
Page 97 and 98:
Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
Page 99 and 100:
Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
Page 101 and 102:
Xylem Xylem consists of xylem fibre
Page 103 and 104:
2.4. Anatomy of a dicot and monocot
Page 105 and 106:
Vascular tissues Vascular tissues a
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
1. Formation of interfascicular cam
Page 111 and 112:
Formation of periderm As secondary
Page 113 and 114:
Each annual ring refers to one year
Page 115 and 116:
8. What are complementary cells? 9.
Page 117 and 118:
chromosome has one centromere and t
Page 119 and 120:
Chromosomal puff Dark band inter ba
Page 121 and 122:
The genome size of an individual is
Page 123 and 124:
ound pollen (bbll). All the F1 hybr
Page 125 and 126:
points called chiasmata. Crossing o
Page 127 and 128:
3.4. Recombination of chromosome Th
Page 129 and 130:
Point or gene mutation Point mutati
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
127 Fig. 3.6 Chromosomal aberration
Page 135 and 136:
Autopolyploidy Ploidy - flow chart
Page 137 and 138:
Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
Page 139 and 140:
cells was injected into the mouse,
Page 141 and 142:
Replication fork Super coil DNA pol
Page 143 and 144:
3.8. Structure of RNA and its types
Page 145 and 146:
Role of RNA in protein synthesis Th
Page 147 and 148:
The transfer of message present in
Page 149 and 150:
IV. Answer the following questions
Page 151 and 152:
to join DNA fragments. Thus the res
Page 153 and 154:
Ti plasmid T-DNA Foreign DNA Bacter
Page 155 and 156:
Restriction enzyme and ligase do no
Page 157 and 158:
4.2 Transgenic plants Introduction
Page 159 and 160:
introducing Bt toxin gene in cotton
Page 161 and 162:
2. The number of transgenic plants
Page 163 and 164:
Pot plant Explant Inoculation Surfa
Page 165 and 166:
. Embryogenesis Formation of embryo
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Strain A Strain B Isolation of prot
Page 171 and 172:
The term ‘single cell protein’
Page 173 and 174:
8. What is PEG? 9. How do you remov
Page 175 and 176:
Many enzymes consists of a protein
Page 177 and 178:
5.1.3. Theories explaining the mech
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
5.2.1. Significance of photosynthes
Page 183 and 184:
The reactions of photosynthesis can
Page 185 and 186:
179 Fig. 5.8. Non-cyclic photophosp
Page 187 and 188:
Difference between cyclic and noncy
Page 189 and 190:
power NADPH 2 . So, two molecules o
Page 191 and 192:
Fig.5.11 Hatch-Slack pathway of CO
Page 193 and 194:
Difference between C 3 and C 4 phot
Page 195 and 196:
Glycine molecules enter into mitoch
Page 197 and 198:
Among leaf factors, such as leaf ag
Page 199 and 200:
Epiphyte eg. Vanda Aerial root Part
Page 201 and 202:
When an insect is attracted by the
Page 203 and 204:
11. The gas evolved during photosyn
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40. Explain the test tube and funne
Page 207 and 208:
201 Fig. 5.17 Overall scheme of res
Page 209 and 210:
Fig. 5.18 Process of Glycolysis 203
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decarboxylation and dehydrogenation
Page 213 and 214:
9. The malic acid is oxidized to ox
Page 215 and 216:
is fixed in the vertical position w
Page 217 and 218:
Nonoxidative phase In this phase, v
Page 219 and 220:
Respiratory quotient for anaerobic
Page 221 and 222:
5. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is cle
Page 223 and 224:
32. Write short notes on anaerobic
Page 225 and 226:
this phase is called lag phase. It
Page 227 and 228:
Physiological effects of auxin Auxi
Page 229 and 230:
endosperm of coconut. Cytokinin occ
Page 231 and 232:
4. Bakanae disease in paddy is caus
Page 233 and 234:
5.5. Photoperiodism and vernalizati
Page 235 and 236:
c. sunflower d. maize 4. Which of t
Page 237 and 238:
1. To develop more food crops 2. To
Page 239 and 240:
Clonal selection Crops like sugarca
Page 241 and 242:
The haploid individual plant will h
Page 243 and 244:
methods new improved crops are obta
Page 245 and 246:
6.2. Crop diseases and their contro
Page 247 and 248:
Pathogen The mycelium of Cercospora
Page 249 and 250:
3. They also bring about considerab
Page 251 and 252:
It is hoped that one day geneticall
Page 253 and 254:
2. The genetic resources of the dev
Page 255 and 256:
This will affect millions of uneduc
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additives. It depends upon crop rot
Page 259 and 260:
COMMONLY AVAILABLE MEDICINAL PLANTS
Page 261 and 262:
urinary infections, tuberculosis, m
Page 263 and 264:
Groundnut oil is used to a limited
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