BOTANY Higher Secondary Second Year - Textbooks Online

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II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences. 4. Write a note on epipetalous stamen. 5. Write the binomial of any two dye plants of Rubiaceae. 6. Write the systematic position of Rubiaceae. III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words. 7. Draw floral diagram of Ixora coccinea and write floral formula 8. Give a brief account on economic importance of Rubiaceae. 9. Describe the essential components of Ixora coccinea. IV. Answer the following questions in about 200 words. 10. Describe Ixora coccinea in botanical terms. 11. Write the general characteristic features of Rubiaceae. 34
1.3.4. ASTERACEAE – the sunflower family Systematic position Class: Dicotyledonae Sub-class: Gamopetalae Series: Inferae Order: Asterales Family: Asteraceae General characters Distribution Asteraceae is the largest family of flowering plants comprising about 900 genera and more than 20,000 species. They are distributed throughout the world. In India, about 138 genera and about 708 species are reported. Habit Mostly annual or perennial herbs (eg. Eupatorium odoratum) or shrubs (eg. Senecio) or trees (eg. Vernonia arborea). Root and stem commonly contain oil ducts. Many species have colourless latex. Root Normally a branched tap root system. Root tubers are found in Dahlia coccinea. Stem Aerial, erect or prostrate or decumbent, tuberous (eg. Helianthus tuberosus) or sucker eg. Chrysanthemum indicum (Akrakaram) or runner (eg. Launaea pinnatifida). Leaf Simple, entire or pinnately or palmately lobed or compound, alternate (eg. Vernonia arborea) or opposite (eg. Tridax procumbens) or whorled (eg. Eupatorium odoratum) or radical (eg. Launaea pinnatifida), exstipulate showing reticulate venation, hairy (Tridax procumbens) and spinous (eg. Carthamus tinctorius). Inflorescence This family is characterized by the presence of head or capitulum type of inflorescence. The number of florets in a head is variable from a few to several hundreds, but in Echinops, the head is reduced to a single flower. 35
Page 1 and 2: BOTANY Higher Secondary Second Year
Page 3 and 4: Preface The most important and cruc
Page 5 and 6: 1. Taxonomy PRACTICALS (30 periods)
Page 7 and 8: 1. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS Taxonomy
Page 9 and 10: compared to perianth with two whorl
Page 11 and 12: a total variety or species. To conc
Page 13 and 14: well known system of classification
Page 15 and 16: Self Evaluation I . Choose and writ
Page 17 and 18: Series (iii) Calyciflorae It includ
Page 19 and 20: Class III Monocotyledonae Seeds of
Page 21 and 22: 5. How many families were described
Page 23 and 24: Flower Bracteate or ebracteate, bra
Page 25 and 26: A twig Sepal Epicalyx Calyx A petal
Page 27 and 28: Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
Page 29 and 30: Inflorescence Usually a raceme eg.
Page 31 and 32: Calyx Ovary Gynoecium Bracteole Flo
Page 33 and 34: 5. Fibre plants Fibres obtained fro
Page 35 and 36: 1.3.3. RUBIACEAE - the coffee famil
Page 37 and 38: Stem Leaf Aerial, erect, branched,
Page 39: 1. Beverage plants ECONOMIC IMPORTA
Page 43 and 44: Habit Root Stem Leaf Botanical desc
Page 45 and 46: Fruit Seed A cypsela. Non-endosperm
Page 49 and 50: Flower Bracteate (eg. Petunia hybri
Page 51 and 52: Stamen Epipetalous stamens T.S. of
Page 55 and 56: (eg. Jatropha curcas). In xerophyti
Page 57 and 58: Perianth Tepals 5, arranged in sing
Page 59 and 60: 1. Food plants ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
Page 61 and 62: MONOCOT FAMILY 1.3.7 MUSACEAE - the
Page 63 and 64: Habit Root Stem Botanical descripti
Page 65 and 66: Androecium Stamens 6, in two whorls
Page 67 and 68: 1.3.8. ARECACEAE - the palm family
Page 69 and 70: Habit Botanical description of Coco
Page 71 and 72: Gynoecium Absent but pistillode is
Page 73 and 74: II. Answer the following questions
Page 75 and 76: Classification of meristem Based on
Page 77 and 78: oval, spherical, rectangular, cylin
Page 79 and 80: Fibres Fibre cells are dead cells.
Page 81 and 82: Tracheid conducting elements in ang
Page 83 and 84: a lining layer of cytoplasm. This i
Page 85 and 86: 2. Epidermis protects the underlyin
Page 87 and 88: made up of barrel shaped parenchyma
Page 89 and 90: 2.2. Anatomy of monocot and dicot r
Page 91 and 92:
The endodermal cells, which are opp
Page 93 and 94:
Cortex Cortex consists of only pare
Page 95 and 96:
II. Answer the following questions
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Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
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Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
Page 101 and 102:
Xylem Xylem consists of xylem fibre
Page 103 and 104:
2.4. Anatomy of a dicot and monocot
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Vascular tissues Vascular tissues a
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
1. Formation of interfascicular cam
Page 111 and 112:
Formation of periderm As secondary
Page 113 and 114:
Each annual ring refers to one year
Page 115 and 116:
8. What are complementary cells? 9.
Page 117 and 118:
chromosome has one centromere and t
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Chromosomal puff Dark band inter ba
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The genome size of an individual is
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ound pollen (bbll). All the F1 hybr
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points called chiasmata. Crossing o
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3.4. Recombination of chromosome Th
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Point or gene mutation Point mutati
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Page 133 and 134:
127 Fig. 3.6 Chromosomal aberration
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Autopolyploidy Ploidy - flow chart
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Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
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cells was injected into the mouse,
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Replication fork Super coil DNA pol
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3.8. Structure of RNA and its types
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Role of RNA in protein synthesis Th
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The transfer of message present in
Page 149 and 150:
IV. Answer the following questions
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to join DNA fragments. Thus the res
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Ti plasmid T-DNA Foreign DNA Bacter
Page 155 and 156:
Restriction enzyme and ligase do no
Page 157 and 158:
4.2 Transgenic plants Introduction
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introducing Bt toxin gene in cotton
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2. The number of transgenic plants
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Pot plant Explant Inoculation Surfa
Page 165 and 166:
. Embryogenesis Formation of embryo
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Strain A Strain B Isolation of prot
Page 171 and 172:
The term ‘single cell protein’
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8. What is PEG? 9. How do you remov
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Many enzymes consists of a protein
Page 177 and 178:
5.1.3. Theories explaining the mech
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Page 181 and 182:
5.2.1. Significance of photosynthes
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The reactions of photosynthesis can
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179 Fig. 5.8. Non-cyclic photophosp
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Difference between cyclic and noncy
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power NADPH 2 . So, two molecules o
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Fig.5.11 Hatch-Slack pathway of CO
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Difference between C 3 and C 4 phot
Page 195 and 196:
Glycine molecules enter into mitoch
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Among leaf factors, such as leaf ag
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Epiphyte eg. Vanda Aerial root Part
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When an insect is attracted by the
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11. The gas evolved during photosyn
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40. Explain the test tube and funne
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201 Fig. 5.17 Overall scheme of res
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Fig. 5.18 Process of Glycolysis 203
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decarboxylation and dehydrogenation
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9. The malic acid is oxidized to ox
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is fixed in the vertical position w
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Nonoxidative phase In this phase, v
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Respiratory quotient for anaerobic
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5. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is cle
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32. Write short notes on anaerobic
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this phase is called lag phase. It
Page 227 and 228:
Physiological effects of auxin Auxi
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endosperm of coconut. Cytokinin occ
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4. Bakanae disease in paddy is caus
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5.5. Photoperiodism and vernalizati
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c. sunflower d. maize 4. Which of t
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1. To develop more food crops 2. To
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Clonal selection Crops like sugarca
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The haploid individual plant will h
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methods new improved crops are obta
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6.2. Crop diseases and their contro
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Pathogen The mycelium of Cercospora
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3. They also bring about considerab
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It is hoped that one day geneticall
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2. The genetic resources of the dev
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This will affect millions of uneduc
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additives. It depends upon crop rot
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COMMONLY AVAILABLE MEDICINAL PLANTS
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urinary infections, tuberculosis, m
Page 263 and 264:
Groundnut oil is used to a limited
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