BOTANY Higher Secondary Second Year - Textbooks Online

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Sustainable agriculture includes scientific methods of farming that utilise renewable resources, increase in yield, avoidance of manmade complex substances known as Xenobiotics which are used as insecticides and pesticides that cause pollution to soil and environment. Plant tissue culture and biotechnology also play a major role in this. 50 varieties of rice and 20 varieties in wheat have been developed in China by using these new techniques without damaging the environment. New disease resistant virus free plants and stress resistant plants, are successfully produced. Similarly, transfer of nif (nitrogen fixing) gene to nonleguminous crops will improve higher yield. Biotechnology and tissue culture contributed more to sustainable agriculture by providing biofertilizer, biopesticides, disease and insect resistant varieties through creation of transgenic crops, single cell protein, production of valuable pharmaceutical products and herbal drugs (Ginseng Vinca, Emetine from Cephalis) by using micropropagation technique. To conclude Sustainable agriculture is an eco-friendly farming system associated with production of food while maintaining on biophysical resources including soil, water, biota with no adverse impacts on the environment. So it should 1. maintain or improve the production of clean food. 2. maintain or improve the quality of landscape which includes soil, water, biota and aesthetics 3. have minimal impact on the environment. 4. be economically viable and 5. be acceptable to society. Sustainable farming uses ecofriendly fertilizers, and pesticides and modern technologies, such as improved seed, modern equipments for lowtillage practices, pest control using biological control principles and weed control that depends on crop rotations. Sustainable farms try to use wind or solar energy instead of purchased energy and use organic manure and nitrogen fixing legumes as green manures to maintain soil fertility thereby reducing supply from outside farms. The emphasis is on maintaining the environment without causing any pollution. Organic farming is defined as production systems which avoids the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators and livestock feed 250
additives. It depends upon crop rotation, crop residues, animal manures, legumes, green manures, off-farm organic wastes using mechanical cultivation, biological pest control (biopesticides) to maintain soil productivity and to supply plant nutrients and to control insects, weeds and pests. Self evaluation I . Choose and write the correct options. 1. Which pathogen causes the blast disease of rice? a. Cercospora personata b. Pyricularia oryzae c. Xanthomonas citri d. Tungro virus 2. What is the collateral host plant of Pyricularia oryzae? a. Oryza sativa b. Digitaria marginata c. Arachis hypogea d. Citrus plant 3. Which pathogen causes Tikka disease of groundnut? a. Cercospora personata b. Pyricularia oryzae c. Xanthomonas citri d. Tungro virus II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences. 4. What are mutagens? 5. What is genetic engineering? 6. Define biofertilizer. 7. What is bioinsecticide? III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words. 8. Explain somatic hybridization. 9. What is disease resistance and disease resistant varieties? 10. Add a note on Plant introduction. 11. Explain polyploid breeding. 12. Give an account of Mycorrhiza. 13. Write the aims of plant breeding. 14. How is genetic engineering employed as a tool in modern crop improvements? 15. How are crops improved through selection, polyploid breeding and mutation breeding? 16. Write detailed account on biofertilizers. 17. ‘Sustainable agriculture is an eco-friendly farming system’ - Discuss. 251
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BOTANY Higher Secondary Second Year
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Preface The most important and cruc
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1. Taxonomy PRACTICALS (30 periods)
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1. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS Taxonomy
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compared to perianth with two whorl
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a total variety or species. To conc
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well known system of classification
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Self Evaluation I . Choose and writ
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Series (iii) Calyciflorae It includ
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Class III Monocotyledonae Seeds of
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5. How many families were described
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Flower Bracteate or ebracteate, bra
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A twig Sepal Epicalyx Calyx A petal
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Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
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Inflorescence Usually a raceme eg.
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Calyx Ovary Gynoecium Bracteole Flo
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5. Fibre plants Fibres obtained fro
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1.3.3. RUBIACEAE - the coffee famil
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Stem Leaf Aerial, erect, branched,
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1. Beverage plants ECONOMIC IMPORTA
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1.3.4. ASTERACEAE - the sunflower f
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Habit Root Stem Leaf Botanical desc
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Fruit Seed A cypsela. Non-endosperm
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Flower Bracteate (eg. Petunia hybri
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Stamen Epipetalous stamens T.S. of
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(eg. Jatropha curcas). In xerophyti
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Perianth Tepals 5, arranged in sing
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1. Food plants ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
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MONOCOT FAMILY 1.3.7 MUSACEAE - the
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Habit Root Stem Botanical descripti
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Androecium Stamens 6, in two whorls
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1.3.8. ARECACEAE - the palm family
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Habit Botanical description of Coco
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Gynoecium Absent but pistillode is
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II. Answer the following questions
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Classification of meristem Based on
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oval, spherical, rectangular, cylin
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Fibres Fibre cells are dead cells.
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Tracheid conducting elements in ang
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a lining layer of cytoplasm. This i
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2. Epidermis protects the underlyin
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made up of barrel shaped parenchyma
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2.2. Anatomy of monocot and dicot r
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The endodermal cells, which are opp
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Cortex Cortex consists of only pare
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Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
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Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
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Xylem Xylem consists of xylem fibre
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2.4. Anatomy of a dicot and monocot
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Vascular tissues Vascular tissues a
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1. Formation of interfascicular cam
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Formation of periderm As secondary
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Each annual ring refers to one year
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8. What are complementary cells? 9.
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chromosome has one centromere and t
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Chromosomal puff Dark band inter ba
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The genome size of an individual is
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ound pollen (bbll). All the F1 hybr
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points called chiasmata. Crossing o
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3.4. Recombination of chromosome Th
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Point or gene mutation Point mutati
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127 Fig. 3.6 Chromosomal aberration
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Autopolyploidy Ploidy - flow chart
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cells was injected into the mouse,
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Replication fork Super coil DNA pol
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3.8. Structure of RNA and its types
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Role of RNA in protein synthesis Th
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The transfer of message present in
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IV. Answer the following questions
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to join DNA fragments. Thus the res
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Ti plasmid T-DNA Foreign DNA Bacter
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Restriction enzyme and ligase do no
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4.2 Transgenic plants Introduction
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introducing Bt toxin gene in cotton
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2. The number of transgenic plants
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Pot plant Explant Inoculation Surfa
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. Embryogenesis Formation of embryo
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Strain A Strain B Isolation of prot
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The term ‘single cell protein’
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8. What is PEG? 9. How do you remov
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Many enzymes consists of a protein
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5.1.3. Theories explaining the mech
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5.2.1. Significance of photosynthes
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The reactions of photosynthesis can
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179 Fig. 5.8. Non-cyclic photophosp
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Difference between cyclic and noncy
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power NADPH 2 . So, two molecules o
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Fig.5.11 Hatch-Slack pathway of CO
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Difference between C 3 and C 4 phot
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Glycine molecules enter into mitoch
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Among leaf factors, such as leaf ag
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Epiphyte eg. Vanda Aerial root Part
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When an insect is attracted by the
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11. The gas evolved during photosyn
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Page 239 and 240: Clonal selection Crops like sugarca
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Page 247 and 248: Pathogen The mycelium of Cercospora
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Page 255: This will affect millions of uneduc
Page 259 and 260: COMMONLY AVAILABLE MEDICINAL PLANTS
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