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The response to the cold temperature stimulus is not uniform in all plants. Plants, which are vernalized, are called inductive types. Those nonvernalized are called noninductive types. Techniques of vernalization The following are the steps to be taken to induce vernalization. Seeds are allowed to germinate and subjected to cold treatment for varying period of time depending on the species. Germinated seeds after this treatment are allowed to dry for sometime and then sown. Devernalization Reversal of the effect of vernalization is called Devernalization. Subjecting the plants to higher temperature after a cold treatment brings about devernalization. Practical application of vernalization Russian scientists have used vernalization to shorten the time of crop maturity by hastening the flowering processes which are brought about by cold treatment. Advantages Crops can be produced earlier by vernalization. They can be cultivated in places where they naturally do not grow. Vernalization helps to accelerate the plant breeding. Self evaluation I . Choose and write the correct options. 1. The response of a plant to the relative lengths of light and dark periods is known as a. vernalization b. photorespiration c. photosynthesis d. photoperiodism 2. Photoperiodic response in flowering was first observed in a. wheat b. Maryland Mammoth c. Oats d. Chrysanthemum 3. Which of the following is a short day plant? a. wheat b. tobacco 228
c. sunflower d. maize 4. Which of the following is a long day plant? a. tobacco b. sunflower c. maize d. wheat II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences. 5. Define photoperiodism. 6. What are called long day plants? 7. What is a short day plant? 8. Define vernalization. 9. Write about the techniques of vernalization. 10. What is devernalization? 11. Write any two advantages of vernalization. III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words. 12. Write short notes on phytochromes and flowering. 13. Write short notes on vernalization. IV. Answer the following questions in about 200 words. 14. Write an account on photoperiodism and vernalization. Reference 1. Plant physiology by Devlin and Witham first Indian edition 1986. 2. Modern practicals botany B.P. Pandey vol. II. New print 2003. 3. Plant physiology by V.K. Jain first edition 2003. 4. Fundamentals of biochemistry-JL.Jain, Sanjay jain and Nitin jain 2003. 5. Plant physiology by Noggle and Fritz, Practice hall of India, 1992. 6. Plant physiology by Kochhar and Krishnamoorthy, 1992. 229
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BOTANY Higher Secondary Second Year
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Preface The most important and cruc
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1. Taxonomy PRACTICALS (30 periods)
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1. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS Taxonomy
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compared to perianth with two whorl
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a total variety or species. To conc
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well known system of classification
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Self Evaluation I . Choose and writ
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Series (iii) Calyciflorae It includ
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Class III Monocotyledonae Seeds of
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5. How many families were described
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Flower Bracteate or ebracteate, bra
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A twig Sepal Epicalyx Calyx A petal
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Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
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Inflorescence Usually a raceme eg.
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Calyx Ovary Gynoecium Bracteole Flo
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5. Fibre plants Fibres obtained fro
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1.3.3. RUBIACEAE - the coffee famil
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Stem Leaf Aerial, erect, branched,
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1. Beverage plants ECONOMIC IMPORTA
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1.3.4. ASTERACEAE - the sunflower f
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Habit Root Stem Leaf Botanical desc
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Fruit Seed A cypsela. Non-endosperm
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Flower Bracteate (eg. Petunia hybri
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Stamen Epipetalous stamens T.S. of
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(eg. Jatropha curcas). In xerophyti
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Perianth Tepals 5, arranged in sing
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1. Food plants ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
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MONOCOT FAMILY 1.3.7 MUSACEAE - the
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Habit Root Stem Botanical descripti
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Androecium Stamens 6, in two whorls
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1.3.8. ARECACEAE - the palm family
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Habit Botanical description of Coco
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Gynoecium Absent but pistillode is
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II. Answer the following questions
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Classification of meristem Based on
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oval, spherical, rectangular, cylin
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Fibres Fibre cells are dead cells.
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Tracheid conducting elements in ang
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a lining layer of cytoplasm. This i
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2. Epidermis protects the underlyin
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made up of barrel shaped parenchyma
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2.2. Anatomy of monocot and dicot r
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The endodermal cells, which are opp
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Cortex Cortex consists of only pare
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Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
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Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
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Xylem Xylem consists of xylem fibre
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2.4. Anatomy of a dicot and monocot
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Vascular tissues Vascular tissues a
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1. Formation of interfascicular cam
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Formation of periderm As secondary
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Each annual ring refers to one year
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8. What are complementary cells? 9.
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chromosome has one centromere and t
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Chromosomal puff Dark band inter ba
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The genome size of an individual is
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ound pollen (bbll). All the F1 hybr
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points called chiasmata. Crossing o
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3.4. Recombination of chromosome Th
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Point or gene mutation Point mutati
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127 Fig. 3.6 Chromosomal aberration
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Autopolyploidy Ploidy - flow chart
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cells was injected into the mouse,
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Replication fork Super coil DNA pol
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3.8. Structure of RNA and its types
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Role of RNA in protein synthesis Th
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The transfer of message present in
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IV. Answer the following questions
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to join DNA fragments. Thus the res
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Ti plasmid T-DNA Foreign DNA Bacter
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Restriction enzyme and ligase do no
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4.2 Transgenic plants Introduction
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introducing Bt toxin gene in cotton
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2. The number of transgenic plants
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Pot plant Explant Inoculation Surfa
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. Embryogenesis Formation of embryo
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Strain A Strain B Isolation of prot
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The term ‘single cell protein’
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8. What is PEG? 9. How do you remov
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Many enzymes consists of a protein
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5.1.3. Theories explaining the mech
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5.2.1. Significance of photosynthes
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Page 185 and 186: 179 Fig. 5.8. Non-cyclic photophosp
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Page 189 and 190: power NADPH 2 . So, two molecules o
Page 191 and 192: Fig.5.11 Hatch-Slack pathway of CO
Page 193 and 194: Difference between C 3 and C 4 phot
Page 195 and 196: Glycine molecules enter into mitoch
Page 197 and 198: Among leaf factors, such as leaf ag
Page 199 and 200: Epiphyte eg. Vanda Aerial root Part
Page 201 and 202: When an insect is attracted by the
Page 203 and 204: 11. The gas evolved during photosyn
Page 205 and 206: 40. Explain the test tube and funne
Page 207 and 208: 201 Fig. 5.17 Overall scheme of res
Page 209 and 210: Fig. 5.18 Process of Glycolysis 203
Page 211 and 212: decarboxylation and dehydrogenation
Page 213 and 214: 9. The malic acid is oxidized to ox
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Page 217 and 218: Nonoxidative phase In this phase, v
Page 219 and 220: Respiratory quotient for anaerobic
Page 221 and 222: 5. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is cle
Page 223 and 224: 32. Write short notes on anaerobic
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Page 231 and 232: 4. Bakanae disease in paddy is caus
Page 233: 5.5. Photoperiodism and vernalizati
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Page 239 and 240: Clonal selection Crops like sugarca
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Page 243 and 244: methods new improved crops are obta
Page 245 and 246: 6.2. Crop diseases and their contro
Page 247 and 248: Pathogen The mycelium of Cercospora
Page 249 and 250: 3. They also bring about considerab
Page 251 and 252: It is hoped that one day geneticall
Page 253 and 254: 2. The genetic resources of the dev
Page 255 and 256: This will affect millions of uneduc
Page 257 and 258: additives. It depends upon crop rot
Page 259 and 260: COMMONLY AVAILABLE MEDICINAL PLANTS
Page 261 and 262: urinary infections, tuberculosis, m
Page 263 and 264: Groundnut oil is used to a limited
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