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18. Define growth regulator. 19. What are called phytohormones? III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words. 20. Explain the experiment to measure the actual longitudinal growth of plant by lever auxonometer. 21. Bring out the physiological effects of auxin. 22. Write the physiological effects of gibberellin. 23. Write short notes on physiological effects of cytokinin. 24. What are the physiological effects of ethylene. 25. Explain the different phases of growth with sigmoid curve. IV. Answer the following questions in about 200 words. 26. Write an essay on auxins and gibberellins with their physiological effects 27. Write an account on cytokinin, ethylene and abscisic acid with their physiological effects. 226
5.5. Photoperiodism and vernalization The response of a plant to the relative lengths of light and dark periods is known as photoperiodism. In plants, most significant photoperiodic response is the initiation of flowering. It has been first observed in Maryland Mammoth variety of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). From the observation of Garner and Allard all the plants do not require the same length of light and dark periods for flowering. Plants require specific period of light and darkness for flowering. It is known as critical period. Plants are classified into three classes 1. The plants requiring longer exposure to light than their critical period are known as long day plants eg. wheat and oats. 2. The plants requiring light for a shorter period than their critical period are known as short day plants eg. tobacco and Chrysanthemum. 3. The plants in which flowering is unaffected by the photoperiod are known as day neutral plants eg. sunflower and maize. Phytochromes and flowering In 1959, Butler et al. were able to discover a photoreceptor flower inducing pigment in plants which they name phytochromes. It is believed to be widely present in all green plants. Chemically, phytochrome is a biliprotein and exists in two forms. One form absorbs red with the wave length of 660 nm called Pr and the other form absorbs far red with the wave length of 730 nm called Pfr. The two forms of phytochrome are interconvertible as shown below: Based on the absorption spectra, Pr is also called P 660 and Pfr is P 730. In short day plants, Pr promotes flowering while Pfr suppresses it , while it is viceversa in long day plants. Vernalization The term vernalization was first introduced by a Russian scientist T.D. Lysenko in 1920. Many species, especially biennials and perennials are induced to flower at low temperature range of 1 o C to 10 o C. This is known as vernalization. 227 Light 660-665 nm Pr Pfr 730-735 nm Darkness
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BOTANY Higher Secondary Second Year
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Preface The most important and cruc
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1. Taxonomy PRACTICALS (30 periods)
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1. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS Taxonomy
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compared to perianth with two whorl
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a total variety or species. To conc
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well known system of classification
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Self Evaluation I . Choose and writ
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Series (iii) Calyciflorae It includ
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Class III Monocotyledonae Seeds of
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5. How many families were described
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Flower Bracteate or ebracteate, bra
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A twig Sepal Epicalyx Calyx A petal
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Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
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Inflorescence Usually a raceme eg.
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Calyx Ovary Gynoecium Bracteole Flo
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5. Fibre plants Fibres obtained fro
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1.3.3. RUBIACEAE - the coffee famil
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Stem Leaf Aerial, erect, branched,
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1. Beverage plants ECONOMIC IMPORTA
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1.3.4. ASTERACEAE - the sunflower f
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Habit Root Stem Leaf Botanical desc
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Fruit Seed A cypsela. Non-endosperm
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Flower Bracteate (eg. Petunia hybri
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Stamen Epipetalous stamens T.S. of
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(eg. Jatropha curcas). In xerophyti
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Perianth Tepals 5, arranged in sing
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1. Food plants ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
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MONOCOT FAMILY 1.3.7 MUSACEAE - the
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Habit Root Stem Botanical descripti
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Androecium Stamens 6, in two whorls
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1.3.8. ARECACEAE - the palm family
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Habit Botanical description of Coco
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Gynoecium Absent but pistillode is
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II. Answer the following questions
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Classification of meristem Based on
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oval, spherical, rectangular, cylin
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Fibres Fibre cells are dead cells.
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Tracheid conducting elements in ang
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a lining layer of cytoplasm. This i
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2. Epidermis protects the underlyin
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made up of barrel shaped parenchyma
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2.2. Anatomy of monocot and dicot r
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The endodermal cells, which are opp
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Cortex Cortex consists of only pare
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Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
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Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
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Xylem Xylem consists of xylem fibre
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2.4. Anatomy of a dicot and monocot
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Vascular tissues Vascular tissues a
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1. Formation of interfascicular cam
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Formation of periderm As secondary
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Each annual ring refers to one year
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8. What are complementary cells? 9.
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chromosome has one centromere and t
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Chromosomal puff Dark band inter ba
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The genome size of an individual is
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ound pollen (bbll). All the F1 hybr
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points called chiasmata. Crossing o
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3.4. Recombination of chromosome Th
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Point or gene mutation Point mutati
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127 Fig. 3.6 Chromosomal aberration
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Autopolyploidy Ploidy - flow chart
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cells was injected into the mouse,
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Replication fork Super coil DNA pol
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3.8. Structure of RNA and its types
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Role of RNA in protein synthesis Th
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The transfer of message present in
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IV. Answer the following questions
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to join DNA fragments. Thus the res
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Ti plasmid T-DNA Foreign DNA Bacter
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Restriction enzyme and ligase do no
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4.2 Transgenic plants Introduction
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introducing Bt toxin gene in cotton
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2. The number of transgenic plants
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Pot plant Explant Inoculation Surfa
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. Embryogenesis Formation of embryo
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Strain A Strain B Isolation of prot
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The term ‘single cell protein’
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8. What is PEG? 9. How do you remov
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Many enzymes consists of a protein
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5.1.3. Theories explaining the mech
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Page 181 and 182: 5.2.1. Significance of photosynthes
Page 183 and 184: The reactions of photosynthesis can
Page 185 and 186: 179 Fig. 5.8. Non-cyclic photophosp
Page 187 and 188: Difference between cyclic and noncy
Page 189 and 190: power NADPH 2 . So, two molecules o
Page 191 and 192: Fig.5.11 Hatch-Slack pathway of CO
Page 193 and 194: Difference between C 3 and C 4 phot
Page 195 and 196: Glycine molecules enter into mitoch
Page 197 and 198: Among leaf factors, such as leaf ag
Page 199 and 200: Epiphyte eg. Vanda Aerial root Part
Page 201 and 202: When an insect is attracted by the
Page 203 and 204: 11. The gas evolved during photosyn
Page 205 and 206: 40. Explain the test tube and funne
Page 207 and 208: 201 Fig. 5.17 Overall scheme of res
Page 209 and 210: Fig. 5.18 Process of Glycolysis 203
Page 211 and 212: decarboxylation and dehydrogenation
Page 213 and 214: 9. The malic acid is oxidized to ox
Page 215 and 216: is fixed in the vertical position w
Page 217 and 218: Nonoxidative phase In this phase, v
Page 219 and 220: Respiratory quotient for anaerobic
Page 221 and 222: 5. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is cle
Page 223 and 224: 32. Write short notes on anaerobic
Page 225 and 226: this phase is called lag phase. It
Page 227 and 228: Physiological effects of auxin Auxi
Page 229 and 230: endosperm of coconut. Cytokinin occ
Page 231: 4. Bakanae disease in paddy is caus
Page 235 and 236: c. sunflower d. maize 4. Which of t
Page 237 and 238: 1. To develop more food crops 2. To
Page 239 and 240: Clonal selection Crops like sugarca
Page 241 and 242: The haploid individual plant will h
Page 243 and 244: methods new improved crops are obta
Page 245 and 246: 6.2. Crop diseases and their contro
Page 247 and 248: Pathogen The mycelium of Cercospora
Page 249 and 250: 3. They also bring about considerab
Page 251 and 252: It is hoped that one day geneticall
Page 253 and 254: 2. The genetic resources of the dev
Page 255 and 256: This will affect millions of uneduc
Page 257 and 258: additives. It depends upon crop rot
Page 259 and 260: COMMONLY AVAILABLE MEDICINAL PLANTS
Page 261 and 262: urinary infections, tuberculosis, m
Page 263 and 264: Groundnut oil is used to a limited
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