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Abscisic acid Abscisic acid (ABA) was originally discovered for its role in regulating abscission and bud dormancy. Like other plant hormones, it has multiple functions in the growth of plants. Physiological effects of abscisic acid Abscisic acid acts as growth inhibitor and induces bud dormancy in a variety of plants. ABA is a powerful growth inhibitor. It causes 50 per cent inhibition of growth of oat seedlings. As the name suggests abscisic acid is an hormone that stimulates abscission. ABA controls geotropic responses of roots. It stimulates positive geotropism in roots. Abscisic acid causes closure of stomata. Growth inhibitors Some organic substances produced in the plant inhibit the plant growth. These substances are called growth inhibitors. They inhibit the elongation in roots, stems and leaves. For example, ethylene is a potent inhibitor of bud growth. ABA inhibits lateral bud growth in tomato. Self evaluation I . Choose and write the correct options. 1. Which one of the following plant hormones was first discovered? a. Auxin b. Gibberellin c. Cytokinin d. Ethylene 2. An example for synthetic auxin is a. IAA b. PAA c. ABA d. NAA 3. Apical dominance is due to a. ethylene b. auxin c. gibberellin d. cytokinin 224
4. Bakanae disease in paddy is caused by a. abscissic acid b. phenyl acetic acid c. naphthelene acetic acid d. gibberellic acid 5. In sigmoid curve the rapid growth phase is designated as a. lag phase b. log phase c. dormant phase d. steady state phate 6. Auxin prevents a. apical dominance b. ageing process c. parthinocarpy d. abscission 7. “Foolish seedling” disease of rice is caused by a. auxin b. gibbrellins c. cytokinin d. abscisic acid 8. Closure of stomata is caused by a. auxin b. gibbrellins c. cytokinin d. abscisic acid 9. The chemical used in the field to eradicate weeds is a. 2, 4 - D b. IAA c. ABA d. urea 10. Abscission is prevented by a. Auxin b. Gibberellin c. Cytokinin d. Ethylene 11. Which of the following is a gaseous hormone? a. Kinetin b. Zeatin c. Auxin d. Ethylene 12. Which of the following is natural auxin found in higher plants? a. I.A.A. b. 2, 4-D c. GA d. Zeatin II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences. 13. What is a growth inhibitor? Give an example. 14. Write any two physiological effects of abscisic acid. 15. What is Richmond Lang effect? 16. Define Bolting. 17. What is apical dominance? 225
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BOTANY Higher Secondary Second Year
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Preface The most important and cruc
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1. Taxonomy PRACTICALS (30 periods)
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1. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS Taxonomy
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compared to perianth with two whorl
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a total variety or species. To conc
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well known system of classification
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Self Evaluation I . Choose and writ
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Series (iii) Calyciflorae It includ
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Class III Monocotyledonae Seeds of
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5. How many families were described
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Flower Bracteate or ebracteate, bra
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A twig Sepal Epicalyx Calyx A petal
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Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
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Inflorescence Usually a raceme eg.
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Calyx Ovary Gynoecium Bracteole Flo
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5. Fibre plants Fibres obtained fro
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1.3.3. RUBIACEAE - the coffee famil
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Stem Leaf Aerial, erect, branched,
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1. Beverage plants ECONOMIC IMPORTA
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1.3.4. ASTERACEAE - the sunflower f
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Habit Root Stem Leaf Botanical desc
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Fruit Seed A cypsela. Non-endosperm
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Flower Bracteate (eg. Petunia hybri
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Stamen Epipetalous stamens T.S. of
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(eg. Jatropha curcas). In xerophyti
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Perianth Tepals 5, arranged in sing
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1. Food plants ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
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MONOCOT FAMILY 1.3.7 MUSACEAE - the
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Habit Root Stem Botanical descripti
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Androecium Stamens 6, in two whorls
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1.3.8. ARECACEAE - the palm family
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Habit Botanical description of Coco
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Gynoecium Absent but pistillode is
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II. Answer the following questions
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Classification of meristem Based on
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oval, spherical, rectangular, cylin
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Fibres Fibre cells are dead cells.
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Tracheid conducting elements in ang
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a lining layer of cytoplasm. This i
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2. Epidermis protects the underlyin
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made up of barrel shaped parenchyma
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2.2. Anatomy of monocot and dicot r
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The endodermal cells, which are opp
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Cortex Cortex consists of only pare
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Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
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Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
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Xylem Xylem consists of xylem fibre
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2.4. Anatomy of a dicot and monocot
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Vascular tissues Vascular tissues a
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1. Formation of interfascicular cam
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Formation of periderm As secondary
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Each annual ring refers to one year
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8. What are complementary cells? 9.
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chromosome has one centromere and t
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Chromosomal puff Dark band inter ba
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The genome size of an individual is
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ound pollen (bbll). All the F1 hybr
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points called chiasmata. Crossing o
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3.4. Recombination of chromosome Th
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Point or gene mutation Point mutati
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127 Fig. 3.6 Chromosomal aberration
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Autopolyploidy Ploidy - flow chart
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cells was injected into the mouse,
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Replication fork Super coil DNA pol
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3.8. Structure of RNA and its types
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Role of RNA in protein synthesis Th
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The transfer of message present in
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IV. Answer the following questions
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to join DNA fragments. Thus the res
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Ti plasmid T-DNA Foreign DNA Bacter
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Restriction enzyme and ligase do no
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4.2 Transgenic plants Introduction
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introducing Bt toxin gene in cotton
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2. The number of transgenic plants
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Pot plant Explant Inoculation Surfa
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. Embryogenesis Formation of embryo
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Strain A Strain B Isolation of prot
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The term ‘single cell protein’
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8. What is PEG? 9. How do you remov
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Many enzymes consists of a protein
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5.1.3. Theories explaining the mech
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Page 181 and 182: 5.2.1. Significance of photosynthes
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Page 189 and 190: power NADPH 2 . So, two molecules o
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Page 209 and 210: Fig. 5.18 Process of Glycolysis 203
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Page 239 and 240: Clonal selection Crops like sugarca
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Page 243 and 244: methods new improved crops are obta
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Page 247 and 248: Pathogen The mycelium of Cercospora
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Page 251 and 252: It is hoped that one day geneticall
Page 253 and 254: 2. The genetic resources of the dev
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Page 257 and 258: additives. It depends upon crop rot
Page 259 and 260: COMMONLY AVAILABLE MEDICINAL PLANTS
Page 261 and 262: urinary infections, tuberculosis, m
Page 263 and 264: Groundnut oil is used to a limited
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