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DICOT FAMILIES 1.3.1 MALVACEAE - the cotton family Systematic position Class: Dicotyledonae Sub-class: Polypetalae Series: Thalamiflorae Order: Malvales Family: Malvaceae General characters Distribution This family includes about 82 genera and more than 1,500 species. The plants are cosmopolitan in distribution, more abundant in tropical and subtropical regions. In India, Malvaceae is represented by 22 genera and 125 species. Habit Plants may be annual herbs ( eg. Malva sylvestris) or perennial shrubs (eg. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) or trees (eg. Thespesia populnea). The members of this family have mucilagenous substance. Stellate hairs occur on their young parts. Root Tap root system. Stem Aerial, erect (eg. Malva sylvestris), branched, woody (eg. Thespesia populnea), decumbent as in Malva rotundifolia (Thirikalamalli) and usually covered with stellate hairs. Leaf Petiolate, simple, entire (eg. Thespesia populnea) or palmately lobed (eg. Gossypium arboreum), alternate, stipulate, margins usually toothed (eg. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) and showing reticulate venation. Inflorescence Solitary, terminal (eg. Malvastrum coromendelia) or solitary, axillary (eg.Thespesia populnea) or terminal or axillary cyme.eg.Pavonia odorata (Peramutti). 16
Flower Bracteate or ebracteate, bracteolate or ebracteolate, pedicellate, dichlamydeous, pentamerous, complete, actinomorphic, regular, bisexual and hypogynous. Epicalyx Bracteoles forming a whorl outer to calyx is called epicalyx. Bracteoles 3 in Malva sylvestris, 5 to 8 in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, 10 to 12 in Pavonia odorata and absent in Abutilon indicum. Calyx Sepals 5, green, gamosepalous showing valvate aestivation. Corolla Petals 5, coloured, polypetalous but slightly fused at the base due to adhesion with staminal tube, regular and showing twisted aestivation. Androecium Numerous stamens, filaments are fused to form a staminal tube around the style and monadelphous. The staminal tube is fused with the petals at their bases. Anthers are monothecous, reniform, transversely attached to filaments and transversely dehiscent. Gynoecium Ovary superior, two to many carpels but usually 5 to 10 carpels and syncarpous. Ovary with two to many locules. Pentacarpellary in Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, 10 in Althaea and 15 to 20 in Abutilon indicum. Number of locules usually corresponds to number of carpels. Each locule contains one to many ovules on axile placentation. Style long, slender and passes through the staminal tube ending in two to many distinct round stigmas. Fruit Loculicidal capsule e.g. Abelmoschus esculentus or schizocarp as in Abutilon indicum and Sida cordifoliaI (Nilathuthi). Seed Endosperm is scanty, covered with hairs as in Gossypium barbadense. 17
Page 1 and 2: BOTANY Higher Secondary Second Year
Page 3 and 4: Preface The most important and cruc
Page 5 and 6: 1. Taxonomy PRACTICALS (30 periods)
Page 7 and 8: 1. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS Taxonomy
Page 9 and 10: compared to perianth with two whorl
Page 11 and 12: a total variety or species. To conc
Page 13 and 14: well known system of classification
Page 15 and 16: Self Evaluation I . Choose and writ
Page 17 and 18: Series (iii) Calyciflorae It includ
Page 19 and 20: Class III Monocotyledonae Seeds of
Page 21: 5. How many families were described
Page 25 and 26: A twig Sepal Epicalyx Calyx A petal
Page 27 and 28: Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
Page 29 and 30: Inflorescence Usually a raceme eg.
Page 31 and 32: Calyx Ovary Gynoecium Bracteole Flo
Page 33 and 34: 5. Fibre plants Fibres obtained fro
Page 35 and 36: 1.3.3. RUBIACEAE - the coffee famil
Page 37 and 38: Stem Leaf Aerial, erect, branched,
Page 39 and 40: 1. Beverage plants ECONOMIC IMPORTA
Page 41 and 42: 1.3.4. ASTERACEAE - the sunflower f
Page 43 and 44: Habit Root Stem Leaf Botanical desc
Page 45 and 46: Fruit Seed A cypsela. Non-endosperm
Page 49 and 50: Flower Bracteate (eg. Petunia hybri
Page 51 and 52: Stamen Epipetalous stamens T.S. of
Page 55 and 56: (eg. Jatropha curcas). In xerophyti
Page 57 and 58: Perianth Tepals 5, arranged in sing
Page 59 and 60: 1. Food plants ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
Page 61 and 62: MONOCOT FAMILY 1.3.7 MUSACEAE - the
Page 63 and 64: Habit Root Stem Botanical descripti
Page 65 and 66: Androecium Stamens 6, in two whorls
Page 67 and 68: 1.3.8. ARECACEAE - the palm family
Page 69 and 70: Habit Botanical description of Coco
Page 71 and 72: Gynoecium Absent but pistillode is
Page 73 and 74:
II. Answer the following questions
Page 75 and 76:
Classification of meristem Based on
Page 77 and 78:
oval, spherical, rectangular, cylin
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Fibres Fibre cells are dead cells.
Page 81 and 82:
Tracheid conducting elements in ang
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a lining layer of cytoplasm. This i
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2. Epidermis protects the underlyin
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made up of barrel shaped parenchyma
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2.2. Anatomy of monocot and dicot r
Page 91 and 92:
The endodermal cells, which are opp
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Cortex Cortex consists of only pare
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
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Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
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Xylem Xylem consists of xylem fibre
Page 103 and 104:
2.4. Anatomy of a dicot and monocot
Page 105 and 106:
Vascular tissues Vascular tissues a
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
1. Formation of interfascicular cam
Page 111 and 112:
Formation of periderm As secondary
Page 113 and 114:
Each annual ring refers to one year
Page 115 and 116:
8. What are complementary cells? 9.
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chromosome has one centromere and t
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Chromosomal puff Dark band inter ba
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The genome size of an individual is
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ound pollen (bbll). All the F1 hybr
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points called chiasmata. Crossing o
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3.4. Recombination of chromosome Th
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Point or gene mutation Point mutati
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
127 Fig. 3.6 Chromosomal aberration
Page 135 and 136:
Autopolyploidy Ploidy - flow chart
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Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
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cells was injected into the mouse,
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Replication fork Super coil DNA pol
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3.8. Structure of RNA and its types
Page 145 and 146:
Role of RNA in protein synthesis Th
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The transfer of message present in
Page 149 and 150:
IV. Answer the following questions
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to join DNA fragments. Thus the res
Page 153 and 154:
Ti plasmid T-DNA Foreign DNA Bacter
Page 155 and 156:
Restriction enzyme and ligase do no
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4.2 Transgenic plants Introduction
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introducing Bt toxin gene in cotton
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2. The number of transgenic plants
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Pot plant Explant Inoculation Surfa
Page 165 and 166:
. Embryogenesis Formation of embryo
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Strain A Strain B Isolation of prot
Page 171 and 172:
The term ‘single cell protein’
Page 173 and 174:
8. What is PEG? 9. How do you remov
Page 175 and 176:
Many enzymes consists of a protein
Page 177 and 178:
5.1.3. Theories explaining the mech
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
5.2.1. Significance of photosynthes
Page 183 and 184:
The reactions of photosynthesis can
Page 185 and 186:
179 Fig. 5.8. Non-cyclic photophosp
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Difference between cyclic and noncy
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power NADPH 2 . So, two molecules o
Page 191 and 192:
Fig.5.11 Hatch-Slack pathway of CO
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Difference between C 3 and C 4 phot
Page 195 and 196:
Glycine molecules enter into mitoch
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Among leaf factors, such as leaf ag
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Epiphyte eg. Vanda Aerial root Part
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When an insect is attracted by the
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11. The gas evolved during photosyn
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40. Explain the test tube and funne
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201 Fig. 5.17 Overall scheme of res
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Fig. 5.18 Process of Glycolysis 203
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decarboxylation and dehydrogenation
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9. The malic acid is oxidized to ox
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is fixed in the vertical position w
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Nonoxidative phase In this phase, v
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Respiratory quotient for anaerobic
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5. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is cle
Page 223 and 224:
32. Write short notes on anaerobic
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this phase is called lag phase. It
Page 227 and 228:
Physiological effects of auxin Auxi
Page 229 and 230:
endosperm of coconut. Cytokinin occ
Page 231 and 232:
4. Bakanae disease in paddy is caus
Page 233 and 234:
5.5. Photoperiodism and vernalizati
Page 235 and 236:
c. sunflower d. maize 4. Which of t
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1. To develop more food crops 2. To
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Clonal selection Crops like sugarca
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The haploid individual plant will h
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methods new improved crops are obta
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6.2. Crop diseases and their contro
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Pathogen The mycelium of Cercospora
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3. They also bring about considerab
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It is hoped that one day geneticall
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2. The genetic resources of the dev
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This will affect millions of uneduc
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additives. It depends upon crop rot
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COMMONLY AVAILABLE MEDICINAL PLANTS
Page 261 and 262:
urinary infections, tuberculosis, m
Page 263 and 264:
Groundnut oil is used to a limited
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