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Fig. 5.22 Pentose phosphate pathway 3. The 6-phosphogluconolactone is hydrolysed by gluconolactonase to form 6-phosphogluconic acid. 4. The 6-phosphogluconic acid undergoes oxidative decarboxylation again in the presence of NADP + to form Ru5P. This reaction is catalyzed by 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase. NADP + is reduced to NADPH 2 . In this reaction CO 2 is released. 210
Nonoxidative phase In this phase, various intermediates such as 3C, 4C, 5C and 7-carbon phosphorylated sugars are produced. They are phosphoglyceraldehyde (3C), erythrose phosphate (4C), xylulose phosphate (5C) and sedoheptulose phosphate (7C). To summarize, six molecules of glucophosphate enter this pathway. After oxidation, six molecules of CO2 are released as shown in the step 4 and twelve molecules of NADPH2 are produced as shown in the steps 2 and 4. In other words, after oxidation one molecule of glucose produces six molecules of CO2 and twelve molecules of NADPH2. Out of six glucose molecules one is completely oxidized and other five molecules are involved in the formation of 3C, 4C, 5C, and 7- carbon sugar intermediates. From these intermediates, five molecules of glucose-6-phosphate are regenerated. Significance of pentose phosphate pathway It provides alternative route for carbohydrate breakdown. It generates NADPH 2 molecules which are used as reductants in biosynthetic processes. Production of NADPH 2 is not linked to ATP generation in pentose phosphate pathway. It provides ribose sugar for the synthesis of nucleic acids. It provides erythrose phosphate required for the synthesis of aromatic compounds. It plays an important role in fixation of CO2 in photosynthesis through Ru5P. 5.3.5. Anaerobic respiration Anaerobiosis means life in the absence of oxygen. Certain organisms can survive in the absence of oxygen. The respiration which takes place in the absence of free oxygen molecules is called anaerobic respiration. It occurs in yeast and some bacteria. Hence, they are known as anaerobes. Glycolysis alone occurs in these organisms. The splitting of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid is given in the following equation. Glucose Pyruvic acid 211
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BOTANY Higher Secondary Second Year
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Preface The most important and cruc
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1. Taxonomy PRACTICALS (30 periods)
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1. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS Taxonomy
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compared to perianth with two whorl
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a total variety or species. To conc
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well known system of classification
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Self Evaluation I . Choose and writ
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Series (iii) Calyciflorae It includ
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Class III Monocotyledonae Seeds of
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5. How many families were described
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Flower Bracteate or ebracteate, bra
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A twig Sepal Epicalyx Calyx A petal
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Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
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Inflorescence Usually a raceme eg.
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Calyx Ovary Gynoecium Bracteole Flo
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5. Fibre plants Fibres obtained fro
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1.3.3. RUBIACEAE - the coffee famil
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Stem Leaf Aerial, erect, branched,
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1. Beverage plants ECONOMIC IMPORTA
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1.3.4. ASTERACEAE - the sunflower f
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Habit Root Stem Leaf Botanical desc
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Fruit Seed A cypsela. Non-endosperm
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Flower Bracteate (eg. Petunia hybri
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Stamen Epipetalous stamens T.S. of
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(eg. Jatropha curcas). In xerophyti
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Perianth Tepals 5, arranged in sing
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1. Food plants ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
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MONOCOT FAMILY 1.3.7 MUSACEAE - the
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Habit Root Stem Botanical descripti
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Androecium Stamens 6, in two whorls
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1.3.8. ARECACEAE - the palm family
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Habit Botanical description of Coco
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Gynoecium Absent but pistillode is
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II. Answer the following questions
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Classification of meristem Based on
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oval, spherical, rectangular, cylin
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Fibres Fibre cells are dead cells.
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Tracheid conducting elements in ang
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a lining layer of cytoplasm. This i
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2. Epidermis protects the underlyin
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made up of barrel shaped parenchyma
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2.2. Anatomy of monocot and dicot r
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The endodermal cells, which are opp
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Cortex Cortex consists of only pare
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Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
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Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
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Xylem Xylem consists of xylem fibre
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2.4. Anatomy of a dicot and monocot
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Vascular tissues Vascular tissues a
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1. Formation of interfascicular cam
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Formation of periderm As secondary
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Each annual ring refers to one year
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8. What are complementary cells? 9.
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chromosome has one centromere and t
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Chromosomal puff Dark band inter ba
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The genome size of an individual is
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ound pollen (bbll). All the F1 hybr
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points called chiasmata. Crossing o
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3.4. Recombination of chromosome Th
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Point or gene mutation Point mutati
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127 Fig. 3.6 Chromosomal aberration
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Autopolyploidy Ploidy - flow chart
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cells was injected into the mouse,
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Replication fork Super coil DNA pol
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3.8. Structure of RNA and its types
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Role of RNA in protein synthesis Th
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The transfer of message present in
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IV. Answer the following questions
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to join DNA fragments. Thus the res
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Ti plasmid T-DNA Foreign DNA Bacter
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Restriction enzyme and ligase do no
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4.2 Transgenic plants Introduction
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introducing Bt toxin gene in cotton
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2. The number of transgenic plants
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Pot plant Explant Inoculation Surfa
Page 165 and 166: . Embryogenesis Formation of embryo
Page 167 and 168: II. Answer the following questions
Page 169 and 170: Strain A Strain B Isolation of prot
Page 171 and 172: The term ‘single cell protein’
Page 173 and 174: 8. What is PEG? 9. How do you remov
Page 175 and 176: Many enzymes consists of a protein
Page 177 and 178: 5.1.3. Theories explaining the mech
Page 179 and 180: II. Answer the following questions
Page 181 and 182: 5.2.1. Significance of photosynthes
Page 183 and 184: The reactions of photosynthesis can
Page 185 and 186: 179 Fig. 5.8. Non-cyclic photophosp
Page 187 and 188: Difference between cyclic and noncy
Page 189 and 190: power NADPH 2 . So, two molecules o
Page 191 and 192: Fig.5.11 Hatch-Slack pathway of CO
Page 193 and 194: Difference between C 3 and C 4 phot
Page 195 and 196: Glycine molecules enter into mitoch
Page 197 and 198: Among leaf factors, such as leaf ag
Page 199 and 200: Epiphyte eg. Vanda Aerial root Part
Page 201 and 202: When an insect is attracted by the
Page 203 and 204: 11. The gas evolved during photosyn
Page 205 and 206: 40. Explain the test tube and funne
Page 207 and 208: 201 Fig. 5.17 Overall scheme of res
Page 209 and 210: Fig. 5.18 Process of Glycolysis 203
Page 211 and 212: decarboxylation and dehydrogenation
Page 213 and 214: 9. The malic acid is oxidized to ox
Page 215: is fixed in the vertical position w
Page 219 and 220: Respiratory quotient for anaerobic
Page 221 and 222: 5. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is cle
Page 223 and 224: 32. Write short notes on anaerobic
Page 225 and 226: this phase is called lag phase. It
Page 227 and 228: Physiological effects of auxin Auxi
Page 229 and 230: endosperm of coconut. Cytokinin occ
Page 231 and 232: 4. Bakanae disease in paddy is caus
Page 233 and 234: 5.5. Photoperiodism and vernalizati
Page 235 and 236: c. sunflower d. maize 4. Which of t
Page 237 and 238: 1. To develop more food crops 2. To
Page 239 and 240: Clonal selection Crops like sugarca
Page 241 and 242: The haploid individual plant will h
Page 243 and 244: methods new improved crops are obta
Page 245 and 246: 6.2. Crop diseases and their contro
Page 247 and 248: Pathogen The mycelium of Cercospora
Page 249 and 250: 3. They also bring about considerab
Page 251 and 252: It is hoped that one day geneticall
Page 253 and 254: 2. The genetic resources of the dev
Page 255 and 256: This will affect millions of uneduc
Page 257 and 258: additives. It depends upon crop rot
Page 259 and 260: COMMONLY AVAILABLE MEDICINAL PLANTS
Page 261 and 262: urinary infections, tuberculosis, m
Page 263 and 264: Groundnut oil is used to a limited
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