BOTANY Higher Secondary Second Year - Textbooks Online

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© Government of Tamil Nadu First edition – 2005 Reprint – 2006 CHAIRPERSON Dr. K. AJITHADOSS Reader and Head Department of Botany Presidency College (Autonomous) Chennai 600 005. REVIEWERS Dr. Capt. T.T. PANDIAN Thiru. S.S. RATHINAKUMAR Reader and Head Selection Grade Lecturer in Botany Department of Plant Biology and P.G and Research Department Plant Biotechnology Presidency College (Autonomous) Government Arts College for Men (Autonomous), Nandanam Chennai - 600 035. Chennai - 600 005 Dr. Mrs. RENU EDWIN AUTHORS Dr. T. SEKAR Lecturer in Botany Lecturer in Botany P.G and Research Department P.G. and Research Department Presidency College (Autonomous) Pachaiyappa’s college Chennai 600 005. Chennai – 600 030. Thiru. P. SANKAR Thiru. S. MUNUSAMY Selection Grade P.G. Asst. in Botany Selection Grade P.G. Asst. in Botany Govt. Girls Hr. Sec. School Govt. Girls Hr. Sec. School Chengalpet – 603 001 Ashok Nagar, Kancheepuram District. Chennai - 600 083. This book has been prepared by the Directorate of School Education On behalf of the Government of Tamil Nadu Price Rs. This book has been printed on 60 GSM paper
Preface The most important and crucial stage of school education is the higher secondary level. This is the transition level from the generalised curriculum to a disciplinebased curriculum. In order to pursue their careers in basic sciences and professional courses, students take up Botany as one of the subjects. To provide them sufficient background to meet the challenges of academic and professional streams, the Botany textbook for Std. XII has been reformed, updated and designed to include basic information on all topics. Each chapter starts with an introduction followed by subject matter. All the topics are presented in clear and concise manner. The chapters end with selfevaluation questions. Understanding the concept is more important than rote memory. Science may be learnt by rote, but wisdom not. Hence, it is desired to make the students understand the subject thoroughly, so that they can putforth their ideas clearly. In order to make the learning of Botany more interesting and thorough, application of concepts in real life situations is presented in this text. Due importance has been given to develop skills in experimentation and observation. The learning experience makes them to appreciate the role of botany towards the improvement of our society. Following are the salient features of this text. The data has been systematically updated. The line diagrams are neatly presented. Self-evaluation questions are included to sharpen the reasoning ability of the students. While preparing for the examination, students should not restrict themselves, only to the questions given in the self-evaluation. They must be prepared to answer the questions from the text. Several items of learning materials of biological interests have been put in boxes in the text to arouse curiosity and to add current ideas among students. These are not to be counted as contents for examinations. Dr. K. Ajithadoss Chairperson Text book committee. iii
Page 1: BOTANY Higher Secondary Second Year
Page 5 and 6: 1. Taxonomy PRACTICALS (30 periods)
Page 7 and 8: 1. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS Taxonomy
Page 9 and 10: compared to perianth with two whorl
Page 11 and 12: a total variety or species. To conc
Page 13 and 14: well known system of classification
Page 15 and 16: Self Evaluation I . Choose and writ
Page 17 and 18: Series (iii) Calyciflorae It includ
Page 19 and 20: Class III Monocotyledonae Seeds of
Page 21 and 22: 5. How many families were described
Page 23 and 24: Flower Bracteate or ebracteate, bra
Page 25 and 26: A twig Sepal Epicalyx Calyx A petal
Page 27 and 28: Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
Page 29 and 30: Inflorescence Usually a raceme eg.
Page 31 and 32: Calyx Ovary Gynoecium Bracteole Flo
Page 33 and 34: 5. Fibre plants Fibres obtained fro
Page 35 and 36: 1.3.3. RUBIACEAE - the coffee famil
Page 37 and 38: Stem Leaf Aerial, erect, branched,
Page 39 and 40: 1. Beverage plants ECONOMIC IMPORTA
Page 41 and 42: 1.3.4. ASTERACEAE - the sunflower f
Page 43 and 44: Habit Root Stem Leaf Botanical desc
Page 45 and 46: Fruit Seed A cypsela. Non-endosperm
Page 47 and 48: Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
Page 49 and 50: Flower Bracteate (eg. Petunia hybri
Page 51 and 52: Stamen Epipetalous stamens T.S. of
Page 53 and 54:
Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
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(eg. Jatropha curcas). In xerophyti
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Perianth Tepals 5, arranged in sing
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1. Food plants ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
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MONOCOT FAMILY 1.3.7 MUSACEAE - the
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Habit Root Stem Botanical descripti
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Androecium Stamens 6, in two whorls
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1.3.8. ARECACEAE - the palm family
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Habit Botanical description of Coco
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Gynoecium Absent but pistillode is
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II. Answer the following questions
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Classification of meristem Based on
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oval, spherical, rectangular, cylin
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Fibres Fibre cells are dead cells.
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Tracheid conducting elements in ang
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a lining layer of cytoplasm. This i
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2. Epidermis protects the underlyin
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made up of barrel shaped parenchyma
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2.2. Anatomy of monocot and dicot r
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The endodermal cells, which are opp
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Cortex Cortex consists of only pare
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Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
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Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
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Xylem Xylem consists of xylem fibre
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2.4. Anatomy of a dicot and monocot
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Vascular tissues Vascular tissues a
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1. Formation of interfascicular cam
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Formation of periderm As secondary
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Each annual ring refers to one year
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8. What are complementary cells? 9.
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chromosome has one centromere and t
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Chromosomal puff Dark band inter ba
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The genome size of an individual is
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ound pollen (bbll). All the F1 hybr
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points called chiasmata. Crossing o
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3.4. Recombination of chromosome Th
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Point or gene mutation Point mutati
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127 Fig. 3.6 Chromosomal aberration
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Autopolyploidy Ploidy - flow chart
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Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
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cells was injected into the mouse,
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Replication fork Super coil DNA pol
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3.8. Structure of RNA and its types
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Role of RNA in protein synthesis Th
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The transfer of message present in
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IV. Answer the following questions
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to join DNA fragments. Thus the res
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Ti plasmid T-DNA Foreign DNA Bacter
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Restriction enzyme and ligase do no
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4.2 Transgenic plants Introduction
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introducing Bt toxin gene in cotton
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2. The number of transgenic plants
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Pot plant Explant Inoculation Surfa
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. Embryogenesis Formation of embryo
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Strain A Strain B Isolation of prot
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The term ‘single cell protein’
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8. What is PEG? 9. How do you remov
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Many enzymes consists of a protein
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5.1.3. Theories explaining the mech
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5.2.1. Significance of photosynthes
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The reactions of photosynthesis can
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179 Fig. 5.8. Non-cyclic photophosp
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Difference between cyclic and noncy
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power NADPH 2 . So, two molecules o
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Fig.5.11 Hatch-Slack pathway of CO
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Difference between C 3 and C 4 phot
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Glycine molecules enter into mitoch
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Among leaf factors, such as leaf ag
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Epiphyte eg. Vanda Aerial root Part
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When an insect is attracted by the
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11. The gas evolved during photosyn
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40. Explain the test tube and funne
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201 Fig. 5.17 Overall scheme of res
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Fig. 5.18 Process of Glycolysis 203
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decarboxylation and dehydrogenation
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9. The malic acid is oxidized to ox
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is fixed in the vertical position w
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Nonoxidative phase In this phase, v
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Respiratory quotient for anaerobic
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5. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is cle
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32. Write short notes on anaerobic
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this phase is called lag phase. It
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Physiological effects of auxin Auxi
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endosperm of coconut. Cytokinin occ
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4. Bakanae disease in paddy is caus
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5.5. Photoperiodism and vernalizati
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c. sunflower d. maize 4. Which of t
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1. To develop more food crops 2. To
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Clonal selection Crops like sugarca
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The haploid individual plant will h
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methods new improved crops are obta
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6.2. Crop diseases and their contro
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Pathogen The mycelium of Cercospora
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3. They also bring about considerab
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It is hoped that one day geneticall
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2. The genetic resources of the dev
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This will affect millions of uneduc
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additives. It depends upon crop rot
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COMMONLY AVAILABLE MEDICINAL PLANTS
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urinary infections, tuberculosis, m
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Groundnut oil is used to a limited
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