BOTANY Higher Secondary Second Year - Textbooks Online

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Fig. 5.14 Ganong’s light screen experiment. The leaf subjected for experiment is tested for starch. Only the star shaped part of the leaf exposed to the sunlight turns blue. The Ganong’s light screen experiment demonstrates that light is essential for photosynthesis. 5.2.9. Mode of nutrition Autotrophic nutrition Most of the green plants are selfdependent, because they synthesize their own food materials by photosynthesis. Such a mode of nutrition is described as autotrophic. Autotrophic plants are of different types according to their ecological environments. Different environments cause differences in their morphology. Thus, we find special adaptations in aquatic plants, terrestrial plants, xerophytes, mangrove plants etc. Among the autotrophic plants, epiphytes are peculiar. These plants usually grow on the branches of the trees. Epiphytic plants are not parasitic on these trees, but they only make use of the place to grow. They have two types of roots – clinging roots and aerial roots. Clinging roots fix the epiphytes to the bark of the tree and also absorb the little nutrients found in the debris accumulating on the bark. The aerial roots hang about in the air. These roots are usually green and covered by a spongy tissue called velamen which absorbs the moisture in the air as well as rain water. eg. Vanda. Heterotrophic nutrition Due to lack of chlorophyll or nitrogen defeciency, some plants have to depend on other plants, insects or dead organic matter for their food. Such type of nutrition is known as heterotrophic. Heterotrophic plants are grouped into saprophytic, parasitic and insectivorous plants. Saprophytic plants These plants obtain nutrition from non-living organic matter. They are called saprophytic plants. Many fungi and bacteria are saprophytes. 192
Epiphyte eg. Vanda Aerial root Partial parasite eg. Viscum Clinging root Parasite Haustorium Host stem Saprophyte eg. Monotropa Fig.5.15 Modes of nutrition 193 Plant Humus Total parasite eg. Cuscuta Insectivorous plant eg. Drosera Host stem Parasite Tentacle
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BOTANY Higher Secondary Second Year
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Preface The most important and cruc
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1. Taxonomy PRACTICALS (30 periods)
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1. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS Taxonomy
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compared to perianth with two whorl
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a total variety or species. To conc
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well known system of classification
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Self Evaluation I . Choose and writ
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Series (iii) Calyciflorae It includ
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Class III Monocotyledonae Seeds of
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5. How many families were described
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Flower Bracteate or ebracteate, bra
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A twig Sepal Epicalyx Calyx A petal
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Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
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Inflorescence Usually a raceme eg.
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Calyx Ovary Gynoecium Bracteole Flo
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5. Fibre plants Fibres obtained fro
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1.3.3. RUBIACEAE - the coffee famil
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Stem Leaf Aerial, erect, branched,
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1. Beverage plants ECONOMIC IMPORTA
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1.3.4. ASTERACEAE - the sunflower f
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Habit Root Stem Leaf Botanical desc
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Fruit Seed A cypsela. Non-endosperm
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Flower Bracteate (eg. Petunia hybri
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Stamen Epipetalous stamens T.S. of
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(eg. Jatropha curcas). In xerophyti
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Perianth Tepals 5, arranged in sing
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1. Food plants ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
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MONOCOT FAMILY 1.3.7 MUSACEAE - the
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Habit Root Stem Botanical descripti
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Androecium Stamens 6, in two whorls
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1.3.8. ARECACEAE - the palm family
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Habit Botanical description of Coco
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Gynoecium Absent but pistillode is
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II. Answer the following questions
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Classification of meristem Based on
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oval, spherical, rectangular, cylin
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Fibres Fibre cells are dead cells.
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Tracheid conducting elements in ang
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a lining layer of cytoplasm. This i
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2. Epidermis protects the underlyin
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made up of barrel shaped parenchyma
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2.2. Anatomy of monocot and dicot r
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The endodermal cells, which are opp
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Cortex Cortex consists of only pare
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Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
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Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
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Xylem Xylem consists of xylem fibre
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2.4. Anatomy of a dicot and monocot
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Vascular tissues Vascular tissues a
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1. Formation of interfascicular cam
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Formation of periderm As secondary
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Each annual ring refers to one year
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8. What are complementary cells? 9.
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chromosome has one centromere and t
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Chromosomal puff Dark band inter ba
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The genome size of an individual is
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ound pollen (bbll). All the F1 hybr
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points called chiasmata. Crossing o
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3.4. Recombination of chromosome Th
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Point or gene mutation Point mutati
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127 Fig. 3.6 Chromosomal aberration
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Autopolyploidy Ploidy - flow chart
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cells was injected into the mouse,
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Replication fork Super coil DNA pol
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3.8. Structure of RNA and its types
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Role of RNA in protein synthesis Th
Page 147 and 148: The transfer of message present in
Page 149 and 150: IV. Answer the following questions
Page 151 and 152: to join DNA fragments. Thus the res
Page 153 and 154: Ti plasmid T-DNA Foreign DNA Bacter
Page 155 and 156: Restriction enzyme and ligase do no
Page 157 and 158: 4.2 Transgenic plants Introduction
Page 159 and 160: introducing Bt toxin gene in cotton
Page 161 and 162: 2. The number of transgenic plants
Page 163 and 164: Pot plant Explant Inoculation Surfa
Page 165 and 166: . Embryogenesis Formation of embryo
Page 167 and 168: II. Answer the following questions
Page 169 and 170: Strain A Strain B Isolation of prot
Page 171 and 172: The term ‘single cell protein’
Page 173 and 174: 8. What is PEG? 9. How do you remov
Page 175 and 176: Many enzymes consists of a protein
Page 177 and 178: 5.1.3. Theories explaining the mech
Page 179 and 180: II. Answer the following questions
Page 181 and 182: 5.2.1. Significance of photosynthes
Page 183 and 184: The reactions of photosynthesis can
Page 185 and 186: 179 Fig. 5.8. Non-cyclic photophosp
Page 187 and 188: Difference between cyclic and noncy
Page 189 and 190: power NADPH 2 . So, two molecules o
Page 191 and 192: Fig.5.11 Hatch-Slack pathway of CO
Page 193 and 194: Difference between C 3 and C 4 phot
Page 195 and 196: Glycine molecules enter into mitoch
Page 197: Among leaf factors, such as leaf ag
Page 201 and 202: When an insect is attracted by the
Page 203 and 204: 11. The gas evolved during photosyn
Page 205 and 206: 40. Explain the test tube and funne
Page 207 and 208: 201 Fig. 5.17 Overall scheme of res
Page 209 and 210: Fig. 5.18 Process of Glycolysis 203
Page 211 and 212: decarboxylation and dehydrogenation
Page 213 and 214: 9. The malic acid is oxidized to ox
Page 215 and 216: is fixed in the vertical position w
Page 217 and 218: Nonoxidative phase In this phase, v
Page 219 and 220: Respiratory quotient for anaerobic
Page 221 and 222: 5. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is cle
Page 223 and 224: 32. Write short notes on anaerobic
Page 225 and 226: this phase is called lag phase. It
Page 227 and 228: Physiological effects of auxin Auxi
Page 229 and 230: endosperm of coconut. Cytokinin occ
Page 231 and 232: 4. Bakanae disease in paddy is caus
Page 233 and 234: 5.5. Photoperiodism and vernalizati
Page 235 and 236: c. sunflower d. maize 4. Which of t
Page 237 and 238: 1. To develop more food crops 2. To
Page 239 and 240: Clonal selection Crops like sugarca
Page 241 and 242: The haploid individual plant will h
Page 243 and 244: methods new improved crops are obta
Page 245 and 246: 6.2. Crop diseases and their contro
Page 247 and 248: Pathogen The mycelium of Cercospora
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3. They also bring about considerab
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It is hoped that one day geneticall
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2. The genetic resources of the dev
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This will affect millions of uneduc
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additives. It depends upon crop rot
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COMMONLY AVAILABLE MEDICINAL PLANTS
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urinary infections, tuberculosis, m
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Groundnut oil is used to a limited
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