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8. Ribose 5-phosphate and xylulose 5-phosphate molecules are transformed to ribulose 5-phosphate (Ru5P). 9. Ru5P molecules are then phosphorylated by ATP to form RuBP molecules, which again enter into the cycle of CO 2 fixation. In the above illustration, three CO molecules are fixed and the net 2 gain is a 3C called DHAP. These triose phosphate molecules combine to form hexose phosphates, which are used to form sucrose. For every carbon fixation 3ATP and 2 NADPH are consumed. 2 5.2.6. C and C pathways 3 4 It was once thought that all green plants fix CO through Calvin cycle 2 only. Now, we know that certain plants fix CO in a different photosynthetic 2 mechanism called C pathway. In this chapter, we will know more about 4 this. Hatch and Slack observed that 4C compounds such as oxaloaceticacid, malate and aspartate were the first formed compounds, when the leaves of sugarcane were exposed to 14CO for one second. So, sugarcane is an 2 example for C plant. When the leaves of rice plant are exposed to 4 14CO2, 3C compound called phosphoglyceric acid is formed. So, rice plant is an example for C plant. 3 In C plants, photosynthesis occurs only in mesophyll cells. We already 3 learnt that photosynthesis has two types of reactions – light reactions and dark reactions (Calvin cycle). In light reactions ATP and NADPH are 2 produced and oxygen is released as a byproduct. CO is reduced to 2 carbohydrates by dark reactions. In C plants both light reactions and 3 dark reactions occur in mesophyll cells, whereas in C plants, the mechanism 4 of photosynthesis requires two types of photosynthetic cells – mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells. The C plants contain dimorphic chloroplasts 4 i.e. chloroplasts in mesophyll cells are granal (with grana) whereas in bundle sheath chloroplasts are agranal (without grana). The presence of two types of cells leads to segregation of photosynthetic work i.e. light reactions and dark reactions separately. 184
Fig.5.11 Hatch-Slack pathway of CO 2 fixation (PEP = Phosphoenol pyruvic acid, OAA = Oxalo acetic acid) Hatch-Slack pathway involves two carboxylation reactions. One takes place in chloroplasts of mesophyll cells and another in chloroplasts of bundle sheath cells. 1. The first step involves the carboxylation of phosphoenol pyruvic acid in the chloroplasts of mesophyll cells to form a 4C compound, oxaloacetic acid. This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase 2. Oxaloacetic acid is converted into aspartic acid by the enzyme transaminase or it may be reduced to malic acid by NADP + specific malate dehydrogenase. Transaminase 185 Phosphoric acid
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BOTANY Higher Secondary Second Year
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Preface The most important and cruc
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1. Taxonomy PRACTICALS (30 periods)
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1. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS Taxonomy
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compared to perianth with two whorl
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a total variety or species. To conc
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well known system of classification
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Self Evaluation I . Choose and writ
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Series (iii) Calyciflorae It includ
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Class III Monocotyledonae Seeds of
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5. How many families were described
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Flower Bracteate or ebracteate, bra
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A twig Sepal Epicalyx Calyx A petal
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Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
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Inflorescence Usually a raceme eg.
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Calyx Ovary Gynoecium Bracteole Flo
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5. Fibre plants Fibres obtained fro
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1.3.3. RUBIACEAE - the coffee famil
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Stem Leaf Aerial, erect, branched,
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1. Beverage plants ECONOMIC IMPORTA
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1.3.4. ASTERACEAE - the sunflower f
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Habit Root Stem Leaf Botanical desc
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Fruit Seed A cypsela. Non-endosperm
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Flower Bracteate (eg. Petunia hybri
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Stamen Epipetalous stamens T.S. of
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(eg. Jatropha curcas). In xerophyti
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Perianth Tepals 5, arranged in sing
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1. Food plants ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
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MONOCOT FAMILY 1.3.7 MUSACEAE - the
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Habit Root Stem Botanical descripti
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Androecium Stamens 6, in two whorls
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1.3.8. ARECACEAE - the palm family
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Habit Botanical description of Coco
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Gynoecium Absent but pistillode is
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II. Answer the following questions
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Classification of meristem Based on
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oval, spherical, rectangular, cylin
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Fibres Fibre cells are dead cells.
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Tracheid conducting elements in ang
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a lining layer of cytoplasm. This i
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2. Epidermis protects the underlyin
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made up of barrel shaped parenchyma
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2.2. Anatomy of monocot and dicot r
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The endodermal cells, which are opp
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Cortex Cortex consists of only pare
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Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
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Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
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Xylem Xylem consists of xylem fibre
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2.4. Anatomy of a dicot and monocot
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Vascular tissues Vascular tissues a
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1. Formation of interfascicular cam
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Formation of periderm As secondary
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Each annual ring refers to one year
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8. What are complementary cells? 9.
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chromosome has one centromere and t
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Chromosomal puff Dark band inter ba
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The genome size of an individual is
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ound pollen (bbll). All the F1 hybr
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points called chiasmata. Crossing o
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3.4. Recombination of chromosome Th
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Point or gene mutation Point mutati
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127 Fig. 3.6 Chromosomal aberration
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Autopolyploidy Ploidy - flow chart
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Page 139 and 140: cells was injected into the mouse,
Page 141 and 142: Replication fork Super coil DNA pol
Page 143 and 144: 3.8. Structure of RNA and its types
Page 145 and 146: Role of RNA in protein synthesis Th
Page 147 and 148: The transfer of message present in
Page 149 and 150: IV. Answer the following questions
Page 151 and 152: to join DNA fragments. Thus the res
Page 153 and 154: Ti plasmid T-DNA Foreign DNA Bacter
Page 155 and 156: Restriction enzyme and ligase do no
Page 157 and 158: 4.2 Transgenic plants Introduction
Page 159 and 160: introducing Bt toxin gene in cotton
Page 161 and 162: 2. The number of transgenic plants
Page 163 and 164: Pot plant Explant Inoculation Surfa
Page 165 and 166: . Embryogenesis Formation of embryo
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Page 169 and 170: Strain A Strain B Isolation of prot
Page 171 and 172: The term ‘single cell protein’
Page 173 and 174: 8. What is PEG? 9. How do you remov
Page 175 and 176: Many enzymes consists of a protein
Page 177 and 178: 5.1.3. Theories explaining the mech
Page 179 and 180: II. Answer the following questions
Page 181 and 182: 5.2.1. Significance of photosynthes
Page 183 and 184: The reactions of photosynthesis can
Page 185 and 186: 179 Fig. 5.8. Non-cyclic photophosp
Page 187 and 188: Difference between cyclic and noncy
Page 189: power NADPH 2 . So, two molecules o
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Page 195 and 196: Glycine molecules enter into mitoch
Page 197 and 198: Among leaf factors, such as leaf ag
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Page 203 and 204: 11. The gas evolved during photosyn
Page 205 and 206: 40. Explain the test tube and funne
Page 207 and 208: 201 Fig. 5.17 Overall scheme of res
Page 209 and 210: Fig. 5.18 Process of Glycolysis 203
Page 211 and 212: decarboxylation and dehydrogenation
Page 213 and 214: 9. The malic acid is oxidized to ox
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Page 217 and 218: Nonoxidative phase In this phase, v
Page 219 and 220: Respiratory quotient for anaerobic
Page 221 and 222: 5. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is cle
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Page 227 and 228: Physiological effects of auxin Auxi
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Page 231 and 232: 4. Bakanae disease in paddy is caus
Page 233 and 234: 5.5. Photoperiodism and vernalizati
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Page 239 and 240: Clonal selection Crops like sugarca
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The haploid individual plant will h
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methods new improved crops are obta
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6.2. Crop diseases and their contro
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Pathogen The mycelium of Cercospora
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3. They also bring about considerab
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It is hoped that one day geneticall
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2. The genetic resources of the dev
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This will affect millions of uneduc
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additives. It depends upon crop rot
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COMMONLY AVAILABLE MEDICINAL PLANTS
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urinary infections, tuberculosis, m
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Groundnut oil is used to a limited
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