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Organisms used for SCP production Algae Chlorella, Spirulina and Chlamydomonas. Fungi Saccharomyces cereviseae, Volvoriella and Agaricus campestris Bacteria Pseudomonas and Alkaligenes Uses of SCP 1. It is a rich source of protein (60 to 72 per cent), vitamins, amino acids, minerals and crude fibres. 2. It is a popular health food. Nowadays, Spirulina tablets are prescribed as enriched vitamin for most people. 3. It provides valuable protein-rich supplement in human diet. 4. It lowers blood sugar level of diabetics due to the presence of gammalinolenic acid and prevents the accumulation of cholesterol in human body. Self evaluation I . Choose and write the correct options. 1. The two protoplasts are fused with a fusogen called a. polyethylene glycol (PEG) b. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) c. Polyethane glycol (PEG) d. Phosphoric ethane 2. Somatic hybrids are produced through a. asexual fusion b. protoplasmic fusion c. vegetative propagation d. grafting 3. One of the following organism is a SCP a. Nostoc b. Rhizobium c. Mushroom d. Spirulina 4. Enriched vitamin tablets are produced from the following organism for human consumption a. Nostoc b. yeast c. Mushroom d. Spirulina II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences. 5. Define SCP. 6. What is somatic hybridization? 7. What is a bioreactor or fermenter? 166
8. What is PEG? 9. How do you remove cell-wall from intact cells? 10. Why is SCP not popular for human consumptions? III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words. 11. Give an account of SCP. 12. Explain the enzymatic method of isolation of protoplast. 13. Mention some of the practical applications of protoplasmic fusion. IV. Answer the following questions in about 200 words. 14. Explain as to how protoplasmic fusion can bring about somatic hybridization in plants. 15. What will be the role of SCP to safeguard against human protein deficiency for the future? Reference 1. Elementary princi. of Plant breeding by Chaudhari Oxford and IBH 1998. 2. Plant biotech. Adrian Slater, Nigel and Mork Powler Oxford Uni. 2003. 3. Plant biotechnology by S.S. Purohit and Agrobios - India 2003. 4. Application of Plant biotechnology by S. Ignacimuthu, 1996 5. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture - fundamental methods by Gamborg and Phillips, 1995. 6. Biotechnology by John E. Smith, Cambridge, 1996 167
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BOTANY Higher Secondary Second Year
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Preface The most important and cruc
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1. Taxonomy PRACTICALS (30 periods)
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1. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS Taxonomy
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compared to perianth with two whorl
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a total variety or species. To conc
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well known system of classification
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Self Evaluation I . Choose and writ
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Series (iii) Calyciflorae It includ
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Class III Monocotyledonae Seeds of
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5. How many families were described
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Flower Bracteate or ebracteate, bra
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A twig Sepal Epicalyx Calyx A petal
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Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
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Inflorescence Usually a raceme eg.
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Calyx Ovary Gynoecium Bracteole Flo
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5. Fibre plants Fibres obtained fro
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1.3.3. RUBIACEAE - the coffee famil
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Stem Leaf Aerial, erect, branched,
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1. Beverage plants ECONOMIC IMPORTA
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1.3.4. ASTERACEAE - the sunflower f
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Habit Root Stem Leaf Botanical desc
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Fruit Seed A cypsela. Non-endosperm
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Flower Bracteate (eg. Petunia hybri
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Stamen Epipetalous stamens T.S. of
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(eg. Jatropha curcas). In xerophyti
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Perianth Tepals 5, arranged in sing
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1. Food plants ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
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MONOCOT FAMILY 1.3.7 MUSACEAE - the
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Habit Root Stem Botanical descripti
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Androecium Stamens 6, in two whorls
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1.3.8. ARECACEAE - the palm family
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Habit Botanical description of Coco
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Gynoecium Absent but pistillode is
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II. Answer the following questions
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Classification of meristem Based on
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oval, spherical, rectangular, cylin
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Fibres Fibre cells are dead cells.
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Tracheid conducting elements in ang
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a lining layer of cytoplasm. This i
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2. Epidermis protects the underlyin
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made up of barrel shaped parenchyma
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2.2. Anatomy of monocot and dicot r
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The endodermal cells, which are opp
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Cortex Cortex consists of only pare
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Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
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Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
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Xylem Xylem consists of xylem fibre
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2.4. Anatomy of a dicot and monocot
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Vascular tissues Vascular tissues a
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1. Formation of interfascicular cam
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Formation of periderm As secondary
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Each annual ring refers to one year
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8. What are complementary cells? 9.
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chromosome has one centromere and t
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Chromosomal puff Dark band inter ba
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Page 125 and 126: points called chiasmata. Crossing o
Page 127 and 128: 3.4. Recombination of chromosome Th
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Page 131 and 132: II. Answer the following questions
Page 133 and 134: 127 Fig. 3.6 Chromosomal aberration
Page 135 and 136: Autopolyploidy Ploidy - flow chart
Page 137 and 138: Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
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Page 141 and 142: Replication fork Super coil DNA pol
Page 143 and 144: 3.8. Structure of RNA and its types
Page 145 and 146: Role of RNA in protein synthesis Th
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Page 149 and 150: IV. Answer the following questions
Page 151 and 152: to join DNA fragments. Thus the res
Page 153 and 154: Ti plasmid T-DNA Foreign DNA Bacter
Page 155 and 156: Restriction enzyme and ligase do no
Page 157 and 158: 4.2 Transgenic plants Introduction
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Page 161 and 162: 2. The number of transgenic plants
Page 163 and 164: Pot plant Explant Inoculation Surfa
Page 165 and 166: . Embryogenesis Formation of embryo
Page 169 and 170: Strain A Strain B Isolation of prot
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Page 175 and 176: Many enzymes consists of a protein
Page 177 and 178: 5.1.3. Theories explaining the mech
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Page 185 and 186: 179 Fig. 5.8. Non-cyclic photophosp
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Page 189 and 190: power NADPH 2 . So, two molecules o
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Page 209 and 210: Fig. 5.18 Process of Glycolysis 203
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32. Write short notes on anaerobic
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this phase is called lag phase. It
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Physiological effects of auxin Auxi
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endosperm of coconut. Cytokinin occ
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4. Bakanae disease in paddy is caus
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5.5. Photoperiodism and vernalizati
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c. sunflower d. maize 4. Which of t
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1. To develop more food crops 2. To
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Clonal selection Crops like sugarca
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The haploid individual plant will h
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methods new improved crops are obta
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6.2. Crop diseases and their contro
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Pathogen The mycelium of Cercospora
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3. They also bring about considerab
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It is hoped that one day geneticall
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2. The genetic resources of the dev
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This will affect millions of uneduc
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additives. It depends upon crop rot
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COMMONLY AVAILABLE MEDICINAL PLANTS
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urinary infections, tuberculosis, m
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Groundnut oil is used to a limited
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