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The culture medium can be sterilised by keeping it in an autoclave and maintaining the temperature of 121°C for 15 minutes. The plant tissue (inoculum) is to be surface sterilised. Chemical sterilization By treating the inoculum in any one of the chemical sterilizant such as Sodium hypochlorite, Calcium hypochlorite, Mercury chloride for 15 to 20 minutes followed by repeated washing in sterile water upto 3 to 5 times. 4. Inoculation Transfer of explant (root, stem, leaf, etc.) on to a culture medium is called inoculation. The inoculation is carried out under aseptic condition for which an apparatus called laminar air flow chamber is used. Flamed and cooled forceps are used for transfer of plant materials to different culture media kept in glasswares. 5. Incubation The culture medium with the inoculum is incubated at 26 ± 2 o C with the light intensity at 2000 to 4000 lux (unit of intensity of light) and allowing photoperiod of 16 hour of light and 8 hours of darkness. 6. Induction of callus Due to activity of auxins and cytokinins, the explant is induced to form callus. The callus is an unorganized mass of undifferentiated tissue. The mechanism of callus formation is that auxin induce cell elongation and cytokinin induces cell division as a result of which masses of cells are formed. 7. Morphogenesis Formation of new organs from the callus under the influence of auxin and cytokinin is called morphogenesis. Roots and shoots are differentiated from the callus. Such embryos are called somatic embryos result in the formation of young plantlet. There are two types of morphogenesis a. Organogenesis Formation of new organs such as shoot and root is known as organogenesis. The development of shoot from the callus is called caulogenesis and formation of root is called rhizogenesis respectively. 158
. Embryogenesis Formation of embryos (ie. bipolar structure having shoot and root) from the callus is called embryogenesis. These embryos arise from somatic callus tissue and are called somatic embryos or embryoids or somaclonal embryos. 8. Hardening Exposing the plantlets to the natural environment in a stepwise manner is known as hardening. Finally the plantlets are gradually transferred to the soil. Status of tissue culture technology in India India is reported to have one of the largest groups of tissue culture scientists in the world. Most of the research is directed towards the development of improved plants for agriculture, horticulture and forestry using tissue culture methods. The Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India, New Delhi is playing a vital role in promoting research in the area of plant tissue culture. Several laboratories are being supported by providing funds for development of tissue culture technology for the improvement of crop plants. The important Biotechnology centres are i. Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi. ii. Bhaba Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai. iii. Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic plants (CIMAP), Lucknow. iv. Dr.M.S. Swaminathan Research Institute (MSSRI), Chennai. Applications of plant tissue culture Several commercial establishments now routinely use micropropagation for different foliage and ornamental plants. Through tissue culture methods using bud proliferation and multiple shoot formation, ornamental plants are produced in large numbers. Virus free germplasm are produced through apical meristem culture eg. banana. Artificial synthetic seeds are produced through somatic embryogenesis. 159
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BOTANY Higher Secondary Second Year
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Preface The most important and cruc
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1. Taxonomy PRACTICALS (30 periods)
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1. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS Taxonomy
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compared to perianth with two whorl
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a total variety or species. To conc
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well known system of classification
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Self Evaluation I . Choose and writ
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Series (iii) Calyciflorae It includ
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Class III Monocotyledonae Seeds of
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5. How many families were described
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Flower Bracteate or ebracteate, bra
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A twig Sepal Epicalyx Calyx A petal
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Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
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Inflorescence Usually a raceme eg.
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Calyx Ovary Gynoecium Bracteole Flo
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5. Fibre plants Fibres obtained fro
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1.3.3. RUBIACEAE - the coffee famil
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Stem Leaf Aerial, erect, branched,
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1. Beverage plants ECONOMIC IMPORTA
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1.3.4. ASTERACEAE - the sunflower f
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Habit Root Stem Leaf Botanical desc
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Fruit Seed A cypsela. Non-endosperm
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Flower Bracteate (eg. Petunia hybri
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Stamen Epipetalous stamens T.S. of
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(eg. Jatropha curcas). In xerophyti
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Perianth Tepals 5, arranged in sing
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1. Food plants ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
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MONOCOT FAMILY 1.3.7 MUSACEAE - the
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Habit Root Stem Botanical descripti
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Androecium Stamens 6, in two whorls
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1.3.8. ARECACEAE - the palm family
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Habit Botanical description of Coco
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Gynoecium Absent but pistillode is
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II. Answer the following questions
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Classification of meristem Based on
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oval, spherical, rectangular, cylin
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Fibres Fibre cells are dead cells.
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Tracheid conducting elements in ang
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a lining layer of cytoplasm. This i
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2. Epidermis protects the underlyin
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made up of barrel shaped parenchyma
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2.2. Anatomy of monocot and dicot r
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The endodermal cells, which are opp
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Cortex Cortex consists of only pare
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Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
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Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
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Xylem Xylem consists of xylem fibre
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2.4. Anatomy of a dicot and monocot
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Vascular tissues Vascular tissues a
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1. Formation of interfascicular cam
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Formation of periderm As secondary
Page 113 and 114: Each annual ring refers to one year
Page 115 and 116: 8. What are complementary cells? 9.
Page 117 and 118: chromosome has one centromere and t
Page 119 and 120: Chromosomal puff Dark band inter ba
Page 121 and 122: The genome size of an individual is
Page 123 and 124: ound pollen (bbll). All the F1 hybr
Page 125 and 126: points called chiasmata. Crossing o
Page 127 and 128: 3.4. Recombination of chromosome Th
Page 129 and 130: Point or gene mutation Point mutati
Page 131 and 132: II. Answer the following questions
Page 133 and 134: 127 Fig. 3.6 Chromosomal aberration
Page 135 and 136: Autopolyploidy Ploidy - flow chart
Page 137 and 138: Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
Page 139 and 140: cells was injected into the mouse,
Page 141 and 142: Replication fork Super coil DNA pol
Page 143 and 144: 3.8. Structure of RNA and its types
Page 145 and 146: Role of RNA in protein synthesis Th
Page 147 and 148: The transfer of message present in
Page 149 and 150: IV. Answer the following questions
Page 151 and 152: to join DNA fragments. Thus the res
Page 153 and 154: Ti plasmid T-DNA Foreign DNA Bacter
Page 155 and 156: Restriction enzyme and ligase do no
Page 157 and 158: 4.2 Transgenic plants Introduction
Page 159 and 160: introducing Bt toxin gene in cotton
Page 161 and 162: 2. The number of transgenic plants
Page 163: Pot plant Explant Inoculation Surfa
Page 169 and 170: Strain A Strain B Isolation of prot
Page 171 and 172: The term ‘single cell protein’
Page 173 and 174: 8. What is PEG? 9. How do you remov
Page 175 and 176: Many enzymes consists of a protein
Page 177 and 178: 5.1.3. Theories explaining the mech
Page 181 and 182: 5.2.1. Significance of photosynthes
Page 183 and 184: The reactions of photosynthesis can
Page 185 and 186: 179 Fig. 5.8. Non-cyclic photophosp
Page 187 and 188: Difference between cyclic and noncy
Page 189 and 190: power NADPH 2 . So, two molecules o
Page 191 and 192: Fig.5.11 Hatch-Slack pathway of CO
Page 193 and 194: Difference between C 3 and C 4 phot
Page 195 and 196: Glycine molecules enter into mitoch
Page 197 and 198: Among leaf factors, such as leaf ag
Page 199 and 200: Epiphyte eg. Vanda Aerial root Part
Page 201 and 202: When an insect is attracted by the
Page 203 and 204: 11. The gas evolved during photosyn
Page 205 and 206: 40. Explain the test tube and funne
Page 207 and 208: 201 Fig. 5.17 Overall scheme of res
Page 209 and 210: Fig. 5.18 Process of Glycolysis 203
Page 211 and 212: decarboxylation and dehydrogenation
Page 213 and 214: 9. The malic acid is oxidized to ox
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is fixed in the vertical position w
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Nonoxidative phase In this phase, v
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Respiratory quotient for anaerobic
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5. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is cle
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32. Write short notes on anaerobic
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this phase is called lag phase. It
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Physiological effects of auxin Auxi
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endosperm of coconut. Cytokinin occ
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4. Bakanae disease in paddy is caus
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5.5. Photoperiodism and vernalizati
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c. sunflower d. maize 4. Which of t
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1. To develop more food crops 2. To
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Clonal selection Crops like sugarca
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The haploid individual plant will h
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methods new improved crops are obta
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6.2. Crop diseases and their contro
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Pathogen The mycelium of Cercospora
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3. They also bring about considerab
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It is hoped that one day geneticall
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2. The genetic resources of the dev
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This will affect millions of uneduc
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additives. It depends upon crop rot
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COMMONLY AVAILABLE MEDICINAL PLANTS
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urinary infections, tuberculosis, m
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Groundnut oil is used to a limited
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