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ligase. In the resulting DNA, one of the strand is parental and the other is the newer strand which is formed discontinuously. Hence, it is called semidiscontinuous replication. Self evaluation I . Choose and write the correct options. 1. Double helix DNA model was proposed by _____ a. Watson and Crick b. O.T. Avery et al. c. Griffith d. Stinberg 2. The width of DNA molecule is a. 18 Å b. 20 Å c. 34 Å d. 35 Å II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences. 3. What is s - strain of Diplococcus? 4. What are the empirical rules of Chargaff regarding the composition of bases in DNA? 5. Explain genetic transformation. 6. What are called Okazaki fragments? 7. How is replication fork formed in DNA strand at the time of replication? 8. What is positive supercoil? How is it released? 9. State the functions of DNA. III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words. 10. Explain Frederick Griffith experiment on mouse. 11. Write short notes on replication of DNA. 12. Write an account on the structure of DNA. 136
3.8. Structure of RNA and its types The Ribonucleic acid is otherwise known as RNA. This is universally present in all organisms except in DNA viruses. It is made up of nucleotides called ribonucleotides. There are four types of nucleotides having four different nitrogenous bases. But sugar and phosphate are common for all nucleotides. The four nucleotides are adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil. The RNA plays an important role in protein synthesis. Now we will know more about their types and their role in the biology of an organism. Types of RNA There are three major types of RNA which occur in all organisms. They are messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Messenger RNA As the name suggests mRNA carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes. Genetic informations on the DNA are transcribed into the mRNA by a process called transcription. Here the “message” is translated into action i.e. based on the genetic information different types of proteins are synthesised. The type of gene that is involved in protein synthesis depends upon their length, kinds and sequence of nucleotides. It is about 3 to 5 per cent of the RNA content of the cell. The mRNA is always single stranded. The mRNA is produced as a complementary copy of the DNA, which is involved in protein synthesis. Transfer RNA Aminoacid Transfer RNA is also known as soluble RNA (sRNA). The tRNA is a small molecule compared with other types of RNAs. It amounts to about 15 per cent of total RNA of the cell. The tRNA molecule performs a number of functions. The most important one is to act as a carrier of aminoacid to the site of protein synthesis. There are about more than 20 types of tRNAs. Each tRNA is 137 D arm (D=Dihydrouridine) Extra arm Anticodon arm acceptor arm T ψ C arm (T=Thymine ψ = Pseudouridine C = Cytocine) Fig. 3.10 Structure of tRNA
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BOTANY Higher Secondary Second Year
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Preface The most important and cruc
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1. Taxonomy PRACTICALS (30 periods)
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1. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS Taxonomy
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compared to perianth with two whorl
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a total variety or species. To conc
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well known system of classification
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Self Evaluation I . Choose and writ
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Series (iii) Calyciflorae It includ
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Class III Monocotyledonae Seeds of
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5. How many families were described
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Flower Bracteate or ebracteate, bra
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A twig Sepal Epicalyx Calyx A petal
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Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
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Inflorescence Usually a raceme eg.
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Calyx Ovary Gynoecium Bracteole Flo
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5. Fibre plants Fibres obtained fro
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1.3.3. RUBIACEAE - the coffee famil
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Stem Leaf Aerial, erect, branched,
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1. Beverage plants ECONOMIC IMPORTA
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1.3.4. ASTERACEAE - the sunflower f
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Habit Root Stem Leaf Botanical desc
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Fruit Seed A cypsela. Non-endosperm
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Flower Bracteate (eg. Petunia hybri
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Stamen Epipetalous stamens T.S. of
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(eg. Jatropha curcas). In xerophyti
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Perianth Tepals 5, arranged in sing
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1. Food plants ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
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MONOCOT FAMILY 1.3.7 MUSACEAE - the
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Habit Root Stem Botanical descripti
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Androecium Stamens 6, in two whorls
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1.3.8. ARECACEAE - the palm family
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Habit Botanical description of Coco
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Gynoecium Absent but pistillode is
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II. Answer the following questions
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Classification of meristem Based on
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oval, spherical, rectangular, cylin
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Fibres Fibre cells are dead cells.
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Tracheid conducting elements in ang
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a lining layer of cytoplasm. This i
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2. Epidermis protects the underlyin
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made up of barrel shaped parenchyma
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2.2. Anatomy of monocot and dicot r
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Page 93 and 94: Cortex Cortex consists of only pare
Page 95 and 96: II. Answer the following questions
Page 97 and 98: Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
Page 99 and 100: Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
Page 101 and 102: Xylem Xylem consists of xylem fibre
Page 103 and 104: 2.4. Anatomy of a dicot and monocot
Page 105 and 106: Vascular tissues Vascular tissues a
Page 109 and 110: 1. Formation of interfascicular cam
Page 111 and 112: Formation of periderm As secondary
Page 113 and 114: Each annual ring refers to one year
Page 115 and 116: 8. What are complementary cells? 9.
Page 117 and 118: chromosome has one centromere and t
Page 119 and 120: Chromosomal puff Dark band inter ba
Page 121 and 122: The genome size of an individual is
Page 123 and 124: ound pollen (bbll). All the F1 hybr
Page 125 and 126: points called chiasmata. Crossing o
Page 127 and 128: 3.4. Recombination of chromosome Th
Page 129 and 130: Point or gene mutation Point mutati
Page 133 and 134: 127 Fig. 3.6 Chromosomal aberration
Page 135 and 136: Autopolyploidy Ploidy - flow chart
Page 137 and 138: Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
Page 139 and 140: cells was injected into the mouse,
Page 141: Replication fork Super coil DNA pol
Page 145 and 146: Role of RNA in protein synthesis Th
Page 147 and 148: The transfer of message present in
Page 149 and 150: IV. Answer the following questions
Page 151 and 152: to join DNA fragments. Thus the res
Page 153 and 154: Ti plasmid T-DNA Foreign DNA Bacter
Page 155 and 156: Restriction enzyme and ligase do no
Page 157 and 158: 4.2 Transgenic plants Introduction
Page 159 and 160: introducing Bt toxin gene in cotton
Page 161 and 162: 2. The number of transgenic plants
Page 163 and 164: Pot plant Explant Inoculation Surfa
Page 165 and 166: . Embryogenesis Formation of embryo
Page 169 and 170: Strain A Strain B Isolation of prot
Page 171 and 172: The term ‘single cell protein’
Page 173 and 174: 8. What is PEG? 9. How do you remov
Page 175 and 176: Many enzymes consists of a protein
Page 177 and 178: 5.1.3. Theories explaining the mech
Page 181 and 182: 5.2.1. Significance of photosynthes
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Page 185 and 186: 179 Fig. 5.8. Non-cyclic photophosp
Page 187 and 188: Difference between cyclic and noncy
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Page 191 and 192: Fig.5.11 Hatch-Slack pathway of CO
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Difference between C 3 and C 4 phot
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Glycine molecules enter into mitoch
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Among leaf factors, such as leaf ag
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Epiphyte eg. Vanda Aerial root Part
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When an insect is attracted by the
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11. The gas evolved during photosyn
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40. Explain the test tube and funne
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201 Fig. 5.17 Overall scheme of res
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Fig. 5.18 Process of Glycolysis 203
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decarboxylation and dehydrogenation
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9. The malic acid is oxidized to ox
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is fixed in the vertical position w
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Nonoxidative phase In this phase, v
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Respiratory quotient for anaerobic
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5. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is cle
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32. Write short notes on anaerobic
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this phase is called lag phase. It
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Physiological effects of auxin Auxi
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endosperm of coconut. Cytokinin occ
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4. Bakanae disease in paddy is caus
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5.5. Photoperiodism and vernalizati
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c. sunflower d. maize 4. Which of t
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1. To develop more food crops 2. To
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Clonal selection Crops like sugarca
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The haploid individual plant will h
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methods new improved crops are obta
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6.2. Crop diseases and their contro
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Pathogen The mycelium of Cercospora
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3. They also bring about considerab
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It is hoped that one day geneticall
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2. The genetic resources of the dev
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This will affect millions of uneduc
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additives. It depends upon crop rot
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COMMONLY AVAILABLE MEDICINAL PLANTS
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urinary infections, tuberculosis, m
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Groundnut oil is used to a limited
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