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Aneuploidy Variation that involves one or two chromosomes within the diploid set of an organism results in aneuploidy. It is of two types – hypoploidy and hyperploidy. Hypoploidy Decrease in one or two chromosomes from the diploid set is described as hypoploidy. There are two types of hypoploidy – monosomy and nullisomy. Monosomy is due to loss of a chromosome from the diploid set i.e. 2n – 1. Nullisomy is the condition in which a pair of homologous chromosomes is lost from the diploid set i.e. 2n – 2. Hyperploidy Addition of one or two chromosomes to the diploid set of chromosome results in hyperploidy. There are two types of hyperploidy – trisomy and tetrasomy. Trisomy results due to the addition of one chromosome to diploid set of chromosomes. It is represented by 2n + 1. Trisomics are observed in Datura stramonium. Tetrasomy results due to the addition of two chromosomes to diploid set of chromosome. It is represented by 2n+2. Significance of ploidy Polyploidy plays an important role in plant breeding and horticulture. Polyploidy has more vigorous effect than the diploids and results in the production of large sized flowers and fruits. Hence, it has economical significance. It plays significant role in the evolution of new species. Polyploidy results in the changes in the season of flowering and fruiting. Polyploids are vigorous invaders of new habitats. It leads to the formation of new varieties which show high resistance to disease and increase in yield. Tetraploid cabbages and tomatoes contain more ascorbic acid whereas tetraploid corn contains more vitamin A. Both euploidy and aneuploidy in man cause congenital diseases. Polyploidy varieties like apple, pear, grape and watermelons are cultivated because of their large size. 130
Self evaluation I . Choose and write the correct options. 1. The gametes of Drosophila melanogaster carry a. three chromosomes b. four chromosomes c. seven chromosomes d. eight chromosomes 2. Nullisomy is represented by a. 2n – 1 b. 2n + 1 c. 2n + 2 d. 2n – 2. II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences. 3. What is a chromosomal aberration? 4. Write in three sentences about duplication of genes in a chromosome. 5. What is a hypoploidy? State its two types. 6. Write any three significance of ploidy. III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words. 7. Write short notes on inversion. 8. Write the significance of ploidy. 9. Illustrate allopolyploidy with an example. 10. Explain translocation chromosomal aberration with the help of diagrams. 11. Write a detailed account on aneuploidy. 12. Write the flow chart of ploidy. 131
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BOTANY Higher Secondary Second Year
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Preface The most important and cruc
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1. Taxonomy PRACTICALS (30 periods)
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1. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS Taxonomy
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compared to perianth with two whorl
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a total variety or species. To conc
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well known system of classification
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Self Evaluation I . Choose and writ
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Series (iii) Calyciflorae It includ
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Class III Monocotyledonae Seeds of
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5. How many families were described
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Flower Bracteate or ebracteate, bra
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A twig Sepal Epicalyx Calyx A petal
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Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
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Inflorescence Usually a raceme eg.
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Calyx Ovary Gynoecium Bracteole Flo
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5. Fibre plants Fibres obtained fro
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1.3.3. RUBIACEAE - the coffee famil
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Stem Leaf Aerial, erect, branched,
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1. Beverage plants ECONOMIC IMPORTA
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1.3.4. ASTERACEAE - the sunflower f
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Habit Root Stem Leaf Botanical desc
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Fruit Seed A cypsela. Non-endosperm
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Flower Bracteate (eg. Petunia hybri
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Stamen Epipetalous stamens T.S. of
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(eg. Jatropha curcas). In xerophyti
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Perianth Tepals 5, arranged in sing
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1. Food plants ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
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MONOCOT FAMILY 1.3.7 MUSACEAE - the
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Habit Root Stem Botanical descripti
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Androecium Stamens 6, in two whorls
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1.3.8. ARECACEAE - the palm family
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Habit Botanical description of Coco
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Gynoecium Absent but pistillode is
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II. Answer the following questions
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Classification of meristem Based on
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oval, spherical, rectangular, cylin
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Fibres Fibre cells are dead cells.
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Tracheid conducting elements in ang
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a lining layer of cytoplasm. This i
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Page 89 and 90: 2.2. Anatomy of monocot and dicot r
Page 91 and 92: The endodermal cells, which are opp
Page 93 and 94: Cortex Cortex consists of only pare
Page 95 and 96: II. Answer the following questions
Page 97 and 98: Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
Page 99 and 100: Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
Page 101 and 102: Xylem Xylem consists of xylem fibre
Page 103 and 104: 2.4. Anatomy of a dicot and monocot
Page 105 and 106: Vascular tissues Vascular tissues a
Page 109 and 110: 1. Formation of interfascicular cam
Page 111 and 112: Formation of periderm As secondary
Page 113 and 114: Each annual ring refers to one year
Page 115 and 116: 8. What are complementary cells? 9.
Page 117 and 118: chromosome has one centromere and t
Page 119 and 120: Chromosomal puff Dark band inter ba
Page 121 and 122: The genome size of an individual is
Page 123 and 124: ound pollen (bbll). All the F1 hybr
Page 125 and 126: points called chiasmata. Crossing o
Page 127 and 128: 3.4. Recombination of chromosome Th
Page 129 and 130: Point or gene mutation Point mutati
Page 133 and 134: 127 Fig. 3.6 Chromosomal aberration
Page 135: Autopolyploidy Ploidy - flow chart
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Page 141 and 142: Replication fork Super coil DNA pol
Page 143 and 144: 3.8. Structure of RNA and its types
Page 145 and 146: Role of RNA in protein synthesis Th
Page 147 and 148: The transfer of message present in
Page 149 and 150: IV. Answer the following questions
Page 151 and 152: to join DNA fragments. Thus the res
Page 153 and 154: Ti plasmid T-DNA Foreign DNA Bacter
Page 155 and 156: Restriction enzyme and ligase do no
Page 157 and 158: 4.2 Transgenic plants Introduction
Page 159 and 160: introducing Bt toxin gene in cotton
Page 161 and 162: 2. The number of transgenic plants
Page 163 and 164: Pot plant Explant Inoculation Surfa
Page 165 and 166: . Embryogenesis Formation of embryo
Page 169 and 170: Strain A Strain B Isolation of prot
Page 171 and 172: The term ‘single cell protein’
Page 173 and 174: 8. What is PEG? 9. How do you remov
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Page 177 and 178: 5.1.3. Theories explaining the mech
Page 181 and 182: 5.2.1. Significance of photosynthes
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Page 185 and 186: 179 Fig. 5.8. Non-cyclic photophosp
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Difference between cyclic and noncy
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power NADPH 2 . So, two molecules o
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Fig.5.11 Hatch-Slack pathway of CO
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Difference between C 3 and C 4 phot
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Glycine molecules enter into mitoch
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Among leaf factors, such as leaf ag
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Epiphyte eg. Vanda Aerial root Part
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When an insect is attracted by the
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11. The gas evolved during photosyn
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40. Explain the test tube and funne
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201 Fig. 5.17 Overall scheme of res
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Fig. 5.18 Process of Glycolysis 203
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decarboxylation and dehydrogenation
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9. The malic acid is oxidized to ox
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is fixed in the vertical position w
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Nonoxidative phase In this phase, v
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Respiratory quotient for anaerobic
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5. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is cle
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32. Write short notes on anaerobic
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this phase is called lag phase. It
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Physiological effects of auxin Auxi
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endosperm of coconut. Cytokinin occ
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4. Bakanae disease in paddy is caus
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5.5. Photoperiodism and vernalizati
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c. sunflower d. maize 4. Which of t
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1. To develop more food crops 2. To
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Clonal selection Crops like sugarca
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The haploid individual plant will h
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methods new improved crops are obta
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6.2. Crop diseases and their contro
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Pathogen The mycelium of Cercospora
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3. They also bring about considerab
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It is hoped that one day geneticall
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2. The genetic resources of the dev
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This will affect millions of uneduc
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additives. It depends upon crop rot
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COMMONLY AVAILABLE MEDICINAL PLANTS
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urinary infections, tuberculosis, m
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Groundnut oil is used to a limited
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