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3.6. Chromosomal aberrations In an organism, any visible abnormality in chromosome number or structure from the diploid set is known as chromosomal aberration. The chromosomal aberrations based on the structure of the chromosome are of four types – deletion, duplication, inversion and transversion. Structural chromosomal aberrations Deletion The loss of a segment of the genetic material in a chromosome is called deletion. It may be terminal or intercalary. When the deletion occurs near the end of the chromosome, then it is called terminal deletion. Eg. Drosophila and Maize. When the deletion occurs in the middle of the chromosome then, it is called intercalary deletion. Most of the deletions lead to death of an organism. Duplication When a segment of a chromosome is present more than once in a chromosome then, it is called duplication. For example, the order of genes in a chromosome is a, b, c, d, e, f, g and h. Due to aberration, the genes ‘g’ and ‘h’ are duplicated and the sequence of genes becomes a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, g and h. In Drosophila, corn and peas a number of duplications are reported. Some duplications are useful in the evolution of the organism. Inversion It is another chromosomal abnormality in which, the order of genes in a chromosomal segment is reversed by an angle of 180°. For example, the order of genes in a chromosome is a, b, c, d, e, f, g and h. Due to aberration, the sequence of genes becomes, a, b, c, d, g, f, e and h. There are two types of inversion – pericentric and paracentric inversion. In pericentric inversion, the inverted segment of the chromosome contains centromere. Sometimes, it is responsible for evolution of the organism. For example the 17 126 th human chromosome is acrocentric, while in Chimpanzee the corresponding chromosome is metacentric. In paracentric inversion, the inverted segment of the chromosome has no centromere.
127 Fig. 3.6 Chromosomal aberrations a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h Terminal deletion Intercalary deletion a b c d g h e f a b c d e f g h Duplication a b c d e f g h g h a b c d a b c d Inversion Heterozygous translocation Homozygous translocation a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e f g h a b c d e q r s a b c d e q r s a b c d e q r s l m n o p q r s l m n o p q r s l m n o p f g h l m n o p f g h l m n o p q r s l m n o p f g h e f g h g f e h
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BOTANY Higher Secondary Second Year
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Preface The most important and cruc
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1. Taxonomy PRACTICALS (30 periods)
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1. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS Taxonomy
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compared to perianth with two whorl
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a total variety or species. To conc
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well known system of classification
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Self Evaluation I . Choose and writ
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Series (iii) Calyciflorae It includ
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Class III Monocotyledonae Seeds of
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5. How many families were described
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Flower Bracteate or ebracteate, bra
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A twig Sepal Epicalyx Calyx A petal
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Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
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Inflorescence Usually a raceme eg.
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Calyx Ovary Gynoecium Bracteole Flo
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5. Fibre plants Fibres obtained fro
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1.3.3. RUBIACEAE - the coffee famil
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Stem Leaf Aerial, erect, branched,
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1. Beverage plants ECONOMIC IMPORTA
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1.3.4. ASTERACEAE - the sunflower f
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Habit Root Stem Leaf Botanical desc
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Fruit Seed A cypsela. Non-endosperm
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Flower Bracteate (eg. Petunia hybri
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Stamen Epipetalous stamens T.S. of
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(eg. Jatropha curcas). In xerophyti
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Perianth Tepals 5, arranged in sing
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1. Food plants ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
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MONOCOT FAMILY 1.3.7 MUSACEAE - the
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Habit Root Stem Botanical descripti
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Androecium Stamens 6, in two whorls
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1.3.8. ARECACEAE - the palm family
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Habit Botanical description of Coco
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Gynoecium Absent but pistillode is
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II. Answer the following questions
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Classification of meristem Based on
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oval, spherical, rectangular, cylin
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Fibres Fibre cells are dead cells.
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Page 87 and 88: made up of barrel shaped parenchyma
Page 89 and 90: 2.2. Anatomy of monocot and dicot r
Page 91 and 92: The endodermal cells, which are opp
Page 93 and 94: Cortex Cortex consists of only pare
Page 95 and 96: II. Answer the following questions
Page 97 and 98: Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
Page 99 and 100: Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
Page 101 and 102: Xylem Xylem consists of xylem fibre
Page 103 and 104: 2.4. Anatomy of a dicot and monocot
Page 105 and 106: Vascular tissues Vascular tissues a
Page 109 and 110: 1. Formation of interfascicular cam
Page 111 and 112: Formation of periderm As secondary
Page 113 and 114: Each annual ring refers to one year
Page 115 and 116: 8. What are complementary cells? 9.
Page 117 and 118: chromosome has one centromere and t
Page 119 and 120: Chromosomal puff Dark band inter ba
Page 121 and 122: The genome size of an individual is
Page 123 and 124: ound pollen (bbll). All the F1 hybr
Page 125 and 126: points called chiasmata. Crossing o
Page 127 and 128: 3.4. Recombination of chromosome Th
Page 129 and 130: Point or gene mutation Point mutati
Page 131: II. Answer the following questions
Page 135 and 136: Autopolyploidy Ploidy - flow chart
Page 137 and 138: Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
Page 139 and 140: cells was injected into the mouse,
Page 141 and 142: Replication fork Super coil DNA pol
Page 143 and 144: 3.8. Structure of RNA and its types
Page 145 and 146: Role of RNA in protein synthesis Th
Page 147 and 148: The transfer of message present in
Page 149 and 150: IV. Answer the following questions
Page 151 and 152: to join DNA fragments. Thus the res
Page 153 and 154: Ti plasmid T-DNA Foreign DNA Bacter
Page 155 and 156: Restriction enzyme and ligase do no
Page 157 and 158: 4.2 Transgenic plants Introduction
Page 159 and 160: introducing Bt toxin gene in cotton
Page 161 and 162: 2. The number of transgenic plants
Page 163 and 164: Pot plant Explant Inoculation Surfa
Page 165 and 166: . Embryogenesis Formation of embryo
Page 169 and 170: Strain A Strain B Isolation of prot
Page 171 and 172: The term ‘single cell protein’
Page 173 and 174: 8. What is PEG? 9. How do you remov
Page 175 and 176: Many enzymes consists of a protein
Page 177 and 178: 5.1.3. Theories explaining the mech
Page 181 and 182: 5.2.1. Significance of photosynthes
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The reactions of photosynthesis can
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179 Fig. 5.8. Non-cyclic photophosp
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Difference between cyclic and noncy
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power NADPH 2 . So, two molecules o
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Fig.5.11 Hatch-Slack pathway of CO
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Difference between C 3 and C 4 phot
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Glycine molecules enter into mitoch
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Among leaf factors, such as leaf ag
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Epiphyte eg. Vanda Aerial root Part
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When an insect is attracted by the
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11. The gas evolved during photosyn
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40. Explain the test tube and funne
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201 Fig. 5.17 Overall scheme of res
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Fig. 5.18 Process of Glycolysis 203
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decarboxylation and dehydrogenation
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9. The malic acid is oxidized to ox
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is fixed in the vertical position w
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Nonoxidative phase In this phase, v
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Respiratory quotient for anaerobic
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5. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is cle
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32. Write short notes on anaerobic
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this phase is called lag phase. It
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Physiological effects of auxin Auxi
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endosperm of coconut. Cytokinin occ
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4. Bakanae disease in paddy is caus
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5.5. Photoperiodism and vernalizati
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c. sunflower d. maize 4. Which of t
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1. To develop more food crops 2. To
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Clonal selection Crops like sugarca
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The haploid individual plant will h
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methods new improved crops are obta
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6.2. Crop diseases and their contro
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Pathogen The mycelium of Cercospora
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3. They also bring about considerab
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It is hoped that one day geneticall
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2. The genetic resources of the dev
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This will affect millions of uneduc
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additives. It depends upon crop rot
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COMMONLY AVAILABLE MEDICINAL PLANTS
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urinary infections, tuberculosis, m
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Groundnut oil is used to a limited
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