BOTANY Higher Secondary Second Year - Textbooks Online

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has been extensively used for inducing mutations in microorganisms, higher plants and animals. Significance of mutation Mutations play an important role in the origin of new species and serves as a tool for evolution. Induced mutations are useful in agriculture, animal husbandry and biotechnology to produce new strains. For example, mutant strains of Penicillium produces more penicillin. It is one of the best approaches for improvement of crops. Induced mutants are reported in paddy, wheat, soyabeans, tomatoes, oats, and barley. Mutant varieties of wheat are early maturing, disease resistance and they are enriched with protein. Mutant varieties of paddy produce many tillers with long grains. The study of mutant strains of viruses helps us to know the fine structure of gene. The genes are made up of small functional units such as cistron, recon and muton. Cistron is an unit of function, recon is the unit of recombination and muton is the unit of mutation. Many types of mutations cause heritable diseases and cancer in human beings. Self evaluation I . Choose and write the correct options. 1. Hugo de Vries first used the term mutation based on his observation on a. Sorghum b. Neurospora c. Oenothera lamarckiana d. Cicer gigas 2. Biochemical mutants of _____ failed to synthesize certain amino acids. a. Sorghum b. Neurospora c. Cicer arietinum d. Cicer gigas 124
II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences. 3. What is mutation? 4. What is a biochemical mutation? Give an example. 5. What is a lethal mutation? Give an example. 6. Define a gene mutation 7. What is a transition? III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words. 8. Write short notes on gene mutation. 9. Write short notes on mutagenic agents. 10. What is the significance of mutation? 125
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BOTANY Higher Secondary Second Year
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Preface The most important and cruc
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1. Taxonomy PRACTICALS (30 periods)
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1. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS Taxonomy
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compared to perianth with two whorl
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a total variety or species. To conc
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well known system of classification
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Self Evaluation I . Choose and writ
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Series (iii) Calyciflorae It includ
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Class III Monocotyledonae Seeds of
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5. How many families were described
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Flower Bracteate or ebracteate, bra
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A twig Sepal Epicalyx Calyx A petal
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Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
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Inflorescence Usually a raceme eg.
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Calyx Ovary Gynoecium Bracteole Flo
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5. Fibre plants Fibres obtained fro
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1.3.3. RUBIACEAE - the coffee famil
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Stem Leaf Aerial, erect, branched,
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1. Beverage plants ECONOMIC IMPORTA
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1.3.4. ASTERACEAE - the sunflower f
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Habit Root Stem Leaf Botanical desc
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Fruit Seed A cypsela. Non-endosperm
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Flower Bracteate (eg. Petunia hybri
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Stamen Epipetalous stamens T.S. of
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(eg. Jatropha curcas). In xerophyti
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Perianth Tepals 5, arranged in sing
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1. Food plants ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
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MONOCOT FAMILY 1.3.7 MUSACEAE - the
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Habit Root Stem Botanical descripti
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Androecium Stamens 6, in two whorls
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1.3.8. ARECACEAE - the palm family
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Habit Botanical description of Coco
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Gynoecium Absent but pistillode is
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II. Answer the following questions
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Classification of meristem Based on
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oval, spherical, rectangular, cylin
Page 79 and 80: Fibres Fibre cells are dead cells.
Page 81 and 82: Tracheid conducting elements in ang
Page 83 and 84: a lining layer of cytoplasm. This i
Page 85 and 86: 2. Epidermis protects the underlyin
Page 87 and 88: made up of barrel shaped parenchyma
Page 89 and 90: 2.2. Anatomy of monocot and dicot r
Page 91 and 92: The endodermal cells, which are opp
Page 93 and 94: Cortex Cortex consists of only pare
Page 95 and 96: II. Answer the following questions
Page 97 and 98: Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
Page 99 and 100: Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
Page 101 and 102: Xylem Xylem consists of xylem fibre
Page 103 and 104: 2.4. Anatomy of a dicot and monocot
Page 105 and 106: Vascular tissues Vascular tissues a
Page 109 and 110: 1. Formation of interfascicular cam
Page 111 and 112: Formation of periderm As secondary
Page 113 and 114: Each annual ring refers to one year
Page 115 and 116: 8. What are complementary cells? 9.
Page 117 and 118: chromosome has one centromere and t
Page 119 and 120: Chromosomal puff Dark band inter ba
Page 121 and 122: The genome size of an individual is
Page 123 and 124: ound pollen (bbll). All the F1 hybr
Page 125 and 126: points called chiasmata. Crossing o
Page 127 and 128: 3.4. Recombination of chromosome Th
Page 129: Point or gene mutation Point mutati
Page 133 and 134: 127 Fig. 3.6 Chromosomal aberration
Page 135 and 136: Autopolyploidy Ploidy - flow chart
Page 137 and 138: Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
Page 139 and 140: cells was injected into the mouse,
Page 141 and 142: Replication fork Super coil DNA pol
Page 143 and 144: 3.8. Structure of RNA and its types
Page 145 and 146: Role of RNA in protein synthesis Th
Page 147 and 148: The transfer of message present in
Page 149 and 150: IV. Answer the following questions
Page 151 and 152: to join DNA fragments. Thus the res
Page 153 and 154: Ti plasmid T-DNA Foreign DNA Bacter
Page 155 and 156: Restriction enzyme and ligase do no
Page 157 and 158: 4.2 Transgenic plants Introduction
Page 159 and 160: introducing Bt toxin gene in cotton
Page 161 and 162: 2. The number of transgenic plants
Page 163 and 164: Pot plant Explant Inoculation Surfa
Page 165 and 166: . Embryogenesis Formation of embryo
Page 169 and 170: Strain A Strain B Isolation of prot
Page 171 and 172: The term ‘single cell protein’
Page 173 and 174: 8. What is PEG? 9. How do you remov
Page 175 and 176: Many enzymes consists of a protein
Page 177 and 178: 5.1.3. Theories explaining the mech
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5.2.1. Significance of photosynthes
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The reactions of photosynthesis can
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179 Fig. 5.8. Non-cyclic photophosp
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Difference between cyclic and noncy
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power NADPH 2 . So, two molecules o
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Fig.5.11 Hatch-Slack pathway of CO
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Difference between C 3 and C 4 phot
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Glycine molecules enter into mitoch
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Among leaf factors, such as leaf ag
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Epiphyte eg. Vanda Aerial root Part
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When an insect is attracted by the
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11. The gas evolved during photosyn
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40. Explain the test tube and funne
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201 Fig. 5.17 Overall scheme of res
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Fig. 5.18 Process of Glycolysis 203
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decarboxylation and dehydrogenation
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9. The malic acid is oxidized to ox
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is fixed in the vertical position w
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Nonoxidative phase In this phase, v
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Respiratory quotient for anaerobic
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5. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is cle
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32. Write short notes on anaerobic
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this phase is called lag phase. It
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Physiological effects of auxin Auxi
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endosperm of coconut. Cytokinin occ
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4. Bakanae disease in paddy is caus
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5.5. Photoperiodism and vernalizati
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c. sunflower d. maize 4. Which of t
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1. To develop more food crops 2. To
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Clonal selection Crops like sugarca
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The haploid individual plant will h
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methods new improved crops are obta
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6.2. Crop diseases and their contro
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Pathogen The mycelium of Cercospora
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3. They also bring about considerab
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It is hoped that one day geneticall
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2. The genetic resources of the dev
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This will affect millions of uneduc
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additives. It depends upon crop rot
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COMMONLY AVAILABLE MEDICINAL PLANTS
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urinary infections, tuberculosis, m
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Groundnut oil is used to a limited
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