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Fig. 2.18 Secondary growth in a two-year old dicot stem A sector enlarged 104 Lenticel Complementary cells Epidermis Cork (phellem) Cork cambium (phellogen) Secondary cortex (phelloderm) Collenchyma Parenchyma Phloem fibres Secondary phloem Vascular cambium Autumn wood Spring wood Primary xylem Pith
Formation of periderm As secondary vascular tissues are continuously added in the stelar region, pressure is exerted on the cortex and epidermis. So the epidermis gets ruptured and the cortex stretched. Then the secondary protective layer is developed. It is called periderm. During the formation of this periderm, a few layers of meristematic tissue are formed in the cortex. This is called cork cambium or phellogen. The cells of the cork cambium cut off cells on both the sides. Those formed on the outerside become suberised. This region is called cork or phellem. The cork cells are uniform in size and arranged in radial rows without intercellular spaces. These cells are dead at maturity. The cells that are cut off on the inner side of the cork cambium are parenchymatous. Cork (phellem) Cork cambium (phellogen) Secondary cortex (phelloderm) Fig. 2.19 Structure of Periderm 105 This region is called phelloderm or secondary cortex. The cells of the phelloderm are living, isodiametric and radially arranged with intercellular spaces. As these cells have chloroplasts, they carry out photosynthesis. Their cell walls are made up of cellulose. The cork (phellem), cork cambium (phellogen) and the secondary cortex (phelloderm) are together called periderm. All the tissues outside the vascular cambium i.e., secondary phloem, cortex and the periderm are together called bark. Lenticels Lenticels are the lense shaped openings or breaks in the cork tissue. They are formed due to the rupture in the epidermal layers during the secondary growth in stems. They appear as small protrusions on the stem. Lenticels are usually formed below the stomata or sometimes at any region under the epidermis. Phellogen is more active in the region of lenticels than elsewhere and thus forms a mass of loosely arranged thin walled
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BOTANY Higher Secondary Second Year
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Preface The most important and cruc
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1. Taxonomy PRACTICALS (30 periods)
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1. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS Taxonomy
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compared to perianth with two whorl
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a total variety or species. To conc
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well known system of classification
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Self Evaluation I . Choose and writ
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Series (iii) Calyciflorae It includ
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Class III Monocotyledonae Seeds of
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5. How many families were described
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Flower Bracteate or ebracteate, bra
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A twig Sepal Epicalyx Calyx A petal
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Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
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Inflorescence Usually a raceme eg.
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Calyx Ovary Gynoecium Bracteole Flo
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5. Fibre plants Fibres obtained fro
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1.3.3. RUBIACEAE - the coffee famil
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Stem Leaf Aerial, erect, branched,
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1. Beverage plants ECONOMIC IMPORTA
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1.3.4. ASTERACEAE - the sunflower f
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Habit Root Stem Leaf Botanical desc
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Fruit Seed A cypsela. Non-endosperm
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Flower Bracteate (eg. Petunia hybri
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Stamen Epipetalous stamens T.S. of
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(eg. Jatropha curcas). In xerophyti
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Perianth Tepals 5, arranged in sing
Page 59 and 60: 1. Food plants ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
Page 61 and 62: MONOCOT FAMILY 1.3.7 MUSACEAE - the
Page 63 and 64: Habit Root Stem Botanical descripti
Page 65 and 66: Androecium Stamens 6, in two whorls
Page 67 and 68: 1.3.8. ARECACEAE - the palm family
Page 69 and 70: Habit Botanical description of Coco
Page 71 and 72: Gynoecium Absent but pistillode is
Page 73 and 74: II. Answer the following questions
Page 75 and 76: Classification of meristem Based on
Page 77 and 78: oval, spherical, rectangular, cylin
Page 79 and 80: Fibres Fibre cells are dead cells.
Page 81 and 82: Tracheid conducting elements in ang
Page 83 and 84: a lining layer of cytoplasm. This i
Page 85 and 86: 2. Epidermis protects the underlyin
Page 87 and 88: made up of barrel shaped parenchyma
Page 89 and 90: 2.2. Anatomy of monocot and dicot r
Page 91 and 92: The endodermal cells, which are opp
Page 93 and 94: Cortex Cortex consists of only pare
Page 97 and 98: Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
Page 99 and 100: Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
Page 101 and 102: Xylem Xylem consists of xylem fibre
Page 103 and 104: 2.4. Anatomy of a dicot and monocot
Page 105 and 106: Vascular tissues Vascular tissues a
Page 109: 1. Formation of interfascicular cam
Page 113 and 114: Each annual ring refers to one year
Page 115 and 116: 8. What are complementary cells? 9.
Page 117 and 118: chromosome has one centromere and t
Page 119 and 120: Chromosomal puff Dark band inter ba
Page 121 and 122: The genome size of an individual is
Page 123 and 124: ound pollen (bbll). All the F1 hybr
Page 125 and 126: points called chiasmata. Crossing o
Page 127 and 128: 3.4. Recombination of chromosome Th
Page 129 and 130: Point or gene mutation Point mutati
Page 133 and 134: 127 Fig. 3.6 Chromosomal aberration
Page 135 and 136: Autopolyploidy Ploidy - flow chart
Page 137 and 138: Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
Page 139 and 140: cells was injected into the mouse,
Page 141 and 142: Replication fork Super coil DNA pol
Page 143 and 144: 3.8. Structure of RNA and its types
Page 145 and 146: Role of RNA in protein synthesis Th
Page 147 and 148: The transfer of message present in
Page 149 and 150: IV. Answer the following questions
Page 151 and 152: to join DNA fragments. Thus the res
Page 153 and 154: Ti plasmid T-DNA Foreign DNA Bacter
Page 155 and 156: Restriction enzyme and ligase do no
Page 157 and 158: 4.2 Transgenic plants Introduction
Page 159 and 160: introducing Bt toxin gene in cotton
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2. The number of transgenic plants
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Pot plant Explant Inoculation Surfa
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. Embryogenesis Formation of embryo
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II. Answer the following questions
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Strain A Strain B Isolation of prot
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The term ‘single cell protein’
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8. What is PEG? 9. How do you remov
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Many enzymes consists of a protein
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5.1.3. Theories explaining the mech
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II. Answer the following questions
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5.2.1. Significance of photosynthes
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The reactions of photosynthesis can
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179 Fig. 5.8. Non-cyclic photophosp
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Difference between cyclic and noncy
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power NADPH 2 . So, two molecules o
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Fig.5.11 Hatch-Slack pathway of CO
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Difference between C 3 and C 4 phot
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Glycine molecules enter into mitoch
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Among leaf factors, such as leaf ag
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Epiphyte eg. Vanda Aerial root Part
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When an insect is attracted by the
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11. The gas evolved during photosyn
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40. Explain the test tube and funne
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201 Fig. 5.17 Overall scheme of res
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Fig. 5.18 Process of Glycolysis 203
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decarboxylation and dehydrogenation
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9. The malic acid is oxidized to ox
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is fixed in the vertical position w
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Nonoxidative phase In this phase, v
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Respiratory quotient for anaerobic
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5. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is cle
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32. Write short notes on anaerobic
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this phase is called lag phase. It
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Physiological effects of auxin Auxi
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endosperm of coconut. Cytokinin occ
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4. Bakanae disease in paddy is caus
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5.5. Photoperiodism and vernalizati
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c. sunflower d. maize 4. Which of t
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1. To develop more food crops 2. To
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Clonal selection Crops like sugarca
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The haploid individual plant will h
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methods new improved crops are obta
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6.2. Crop diseases and their contro
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Pathogen The mycelium of Cercospora
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3. They also bring about considerab
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It is hoped that one day geneticall
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2. The genetic resources of the dev
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This will affect millions of uneduc
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additives. It depends upon crop rot
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COMMONLY AVAILABLE MEDICINAL PLANTS
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urinary infections, tuberculosis, m
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Groundnut oil is used to a limited
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