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cells or motor cells. These cells are helpful for the rolling and unrolling of the leaf according to the weather change. Some of the epidermal cells of the grass are filled with silica. They are called silica cells. Mesophyll The ground tissue that is present between the upper and lower epidermis of the leaf is called mesophyll. Here, the mesophyll is not differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma. All the mesophyll cells are nearly isodiametric and thin walled. It is for this reason, the grass leaf is described as isobilateral. These cells are compactly arranged with limited intercellular spaces. They contain numerous chloroplasts. Vascular bundles Vascular bundles differ in size. Most of the vascular bundles are smaller in size. Large bundles occur at regular intervals. Two patches of sclerenchyma are present above and below the large vascular bundles. These sclerenchyma patches give mechanical support to the leaf. The small vascular bundles do not have such sclerenchymatous patches. Vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral and closed. Each vascular bundle is surrounded by a parenchymatous bundle sheath. The cells of the bundle sheath generally contain starch grains. The xylem of the vascular bundle is located towards the upper epidermis and the phloem towards the lower epidermis. Self evaluation I . Choose and write the correct options. 1. Isobilateral leaf is present in a. grass b. Cucurbita c. sunflower d. bean 2. The vascular bundle in the leaf is a. collateral and open b. collateral and closed. c. bicollateral and open d. collateral and exarch 100
II. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences. 3. What is a dorsiventral leaf? Give an example. 4. What is an isobilateral leaf? Give an example. 5. What is a mesophyll? 6. What are stomata? 7. What are guard cells? 8. What are the functions of stomata? 9. Differentiate palisade parenchyma from spongy parenchyma. 10. What is a respiratory cavity or sub-stomatal cavity? 11. What is a bundle sheath or border parenchyma in a leaf? 12. What are the functions of veins in a leaf? 13. What are bulliform cells? 14. What are silica cells? III. Answer the following questions in about 100 words. 15. Write short notes on the epidermis of a dicot leaf. 16. Write short notes on the vascular tissues of a dicot leaf. 17. Write short notes on the mesophyll of a dicot leaf. 18. Draw and label the parts of a T.S. of a dicot leaf. 19. Draw and label the parts of a T.S. of a monocot leaf. IV. Answer the following questions in about 200 words. 20. Describe the internal structure of a dicot leaf. 21. Describe the internal structure of a monocot leaf. 101
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BOTANY Higher Secondary Second Year
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Preface The most important and cruc
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1. Taxonomy PRACTICALS (30 periods)
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1. TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS Taxonomy
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compared to perianth with two whorl
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a total variety or species. To conc
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well known system of classification
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Self Evaluation I . Choose and writ
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Series (iii) Calyciflorae It includ
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Class III Monocotyledonae Seeds of
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5. How many families were described
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Flower Bracteate or ebracteate, bra
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A twig Sepal Epicalyx Calyx A petal
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Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
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Inflorescence Usually a raceme eg.
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Calyx Ovary Gynoecium Bracteole Flo
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5. Fibre plants Fibres obtained fro
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1.3.3. RUBIACEAE - the coffee famil
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Stem Leaf Aerial, erect, branched,
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1. Beverage plants ECONOMIC IMPORTA
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1.3.4. ASTERACEAE - the sunflower f
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Habit Root Stem Leaf Botanical desc
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Fruit Seed A cypsela. Non-endosperm
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Flower Bracteate (eg. Petunia hybri
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Stamen Epipetalous stamens T.S. of
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Page 55 and 56: (eg. Jatropha curcas). In xerophyti
Page 57 and 58: Perianth Tepals 5, arranged in sing
Page 59 and 60: 1. Food plants ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
Page 61 and 62: MONOCOT FAMILY 1.3.7 MUSACEAE - the
Page 63 and 64: Habit Root Stem Botanical descripti
Page 65 and 66: Androecium Stamens 6, in two whorls
Page 67 and 68: 1.3.8. ARECACEAE - the palm family
Page 69 and 70: Habit Botanical description of Coco
Page 71 and 72: Gynoecium Absent but pistillode is
Page 73 and 74: II. Answer the following questions
Page 75 and 76: Classification of meristem Based on
Page 77 and 78: oval, spherical, rectangular, cylin
Page 79 and 80: Fibres Fibre cells are dead cells.
Page 81 and 82: Tracheid conducting elements in ang
Page 83 and 84: a lining layer of cytoplasm. This i
Page 85 and 86: 2. Epidermis protects the underlyin
Page 87 and 88: made up of barrel shaped parenchyma
Page 89 and 90: 2.2. Anatomy of monocot and dicot r
Page 91 and 92: The endodermal cells, which are opp
Page 93 and 94: Cortex Cortex consists of only pare
Page 97 and 98: Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
Page 99 and 100: Ground plan A sector enlarged Fig.
Page 101 and 102: Xylem Xylem consists of xylem fibre
Page 103 and 104: 2.4. Anatomy of a dicot and monocot
Page 105: Vascular tissues Vascular tissues a
Page 109 and 110: 1. Formation of interfascicular cam
Page 111 and 112: Formation of periderm As secondary
Page 113 and 114: Each annual ring refers to one year
Page 115 and 116: 8. What are complementary cells? 9.
Page 117 and 118: chromosome has one centromere and t
Page 119 and 120: Chromosomal puff Dark band inter ba
Page 121 and 122: The genome size of an individual is
Page 123 and 124: ound pollen (bbll). All the F1 hybr
Page 125 and 126: points called chiasmata. Crossing o
Page 127 and 128: 3.4. Recombination of chromosome Th
Page 129 and 130: Point or gene mutation Point mutati
Page 133 and 134: 127 Fig. 3.6 Chromosomal aberration
Page 135 and 136: Autopolyploidy Ploidy - flow chart
Page 137 and 138: Self evaluation I . Choose and writ
Page 139 and 140: cells was injected into the mouse,
Page 141 and 142: Replication fork Super coil DNA pol
Page 143 and 144: 3.8. Structure of RNA and its types
Page 145 and 146: Role of RNA in protein synthesis Th
Page 147 and 148: The transfer of message present in
Page 149 and 150: IV. Answer the following questions
Page 151 and 152: to join DNA fragments. Thus the res
Page 153 and 154: Ti plasmid T-DNA Foreign DNA Bacter
Page 155 and 156: Restriction enzyme and ligase do no
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4.2 Transgenic plants Introduction
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introducing Bt toxin gene in cotton
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2. The number of transgenic plants
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Pot plant Explant Inoculation Surfa
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. Embryogenesis Formation of embryo
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II. Answer the following questions
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Strain A Strain B Isolation of prot
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The term ‘single cell protein’
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8. What is PEG? 9. How do you remov
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Many enzymes consists of a protein
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5.1.3. Theories explaining the mech
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II. Answer the following questions
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5.2.1. Significance of photosynthes
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The reactions of photosynthesis can
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179 Fig. 5.8. Non-cyclic photophosp
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Difference between cyclic and noncy
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power NADPH 2 . So, two molecules o
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Fig.5.11 Hatch-Slack pathway of CO
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Difference between C 3 and C 4 phot
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Glycine molecules enter into mitoch
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Among leaf factors, such as leaf ag
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Epiphyte eg. Vanda Aerial root Part
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When an insect is attracted by the
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11. The gas evolved during photosyn
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40. Explain the test tube and funne
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201 Fig. 5.17 Overall scheme of res
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Fig. 5.18 Process of Glycolysis 203
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decarboxylation and dehydrogenation
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9. The malic acid is oxidized to ox
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is fixed in the vertical position w
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Nonoxidative phase In this phase, v
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Respiratory quotient for anaerobic
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5. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is cle
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32. Write short notes on anaerobic
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this phase is called lag phase. It
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Physiological effects of auxin Auxi
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endosperm of coconut. Cytokinin occ
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4. Bakanae disease in paddy is caus
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5.5. Photoperiodism and vernalizati
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c. sunflower d. maize 4. Which of t
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1. To develop more food crops 2. To
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Clonal selection Crops like sugarca
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The haploid individual plant will h
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methods new improved crops are obta
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6.2. Crop diseases and their contro
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Pathogen The mycelium of Cercospora
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3. They also bring about considerab
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It is hoped that one day geneticall
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2. The genetic resources of the dev
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This will affect millions of uneduc
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additives. It depends upon crop rot
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COMMONLY AVAILABLE MEDICINAL PLANTS
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urinary infections, tuberculosis, m
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Groundnut oil is used to a limited
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