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INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 57
Creeping, repens, reptans. Spread upon the ground, and
striking root in it. Veronica officinalis. Glechoma he-
deracea, Potentilla reptans. '
Climijing, scandens. Incapable of keeping itself upright
without support, but I'aising itself by laying hold of other
bodies.
a. by its own twisting. Cuscuta minor, Fagopynim carinatum,
Convolvulus sepium.
b. by tendrils. Vitis vinifera, Pisum.
c. by holdfasts. Hedera communis.
d. by the twisting of the leaf-stalks. Clematis Viticella.
Twining from left to right, voluhilis s'mistrorsum. Lupulus
communis, Tamus communis.
Twining from right to left, voluhilis dextrorsum. Convolvulus
sepium, Phaseolus vulgaris.
F\e'^no%e,flexuosys. Bent in various irregular directions.
Aristolochia, Serpentaria, Solidago flexicaulis.
Tortuous, tortiLosus. Bent many times in different directions.
Cuscuta minor, Cakile maritima.
Straight, reciilineics, rectus. Without any bending.
Lilium album, Rumex aquaticus, Verbascus decurrens.
10. Clothing and appendages.
Leafed, Caulisfoliatus. Furnished with leaves.
Leafless, aphyllus. Without leaves. Cassytha major.
Scaly, squamosus. Furnished with leaves like scales.
Orobanche major. Neottia abortiva.
Sheathed, vaginatus. Clothed with sheaths formed by
the bottom part of leaves. Graminese.
Stipuled, stipulatus. Furnished with stipules. Vicia
sativa, Lathyrus aphyllus.
Winged, alatus. Furnished lengthways with membranous
or leafy expansions. Verbascum decurrens, Symphytum
officinale, Lathyrus latifolius, Onopordum vulgare.
Carduus palustris.
Tendrilled, cirriferus. Furnished with tendrils. Vitis,
Bryonia dioica.
Rooting, radicans. Throwing out roots by which it fixes
itself. Hedera communis, Bignonia radicans.
Naked, nudus. Without leaves, scales or tendrils. Teesdalia
irregularis.
Bulbiferous, hulbiferus. Throwing out bulbilli which
fall off and take root. Cardamine bulbifera.
11. Surface.
Smooth, Caulis IcBvis. Tamus communis, Carduus ar-
vensis, Fagus sylvatica.