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54 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.
3. Duration.
Annual, Caulis annuus. From annual roots, and those
biennials which do not throw np the stem till the second
year.
Perennial, perennis. The stem of trees, shrubs, and
undershrubs.
4. Consistence.
Woody, Caulis ligneus. Lasting many years, forming a
solid wood.
Herbaceous, herlaceus. Of a softer nature.
Succulent, succulentus. Orobanche major, Sempervivum
tectorum.
Pithy, medullar is. Filled with pith. Helianthus annuus,
Sambucus humilis.
Spongy, spangiosus. Filled with a compressible, elastic
tissue, which retains moisture like a sponge. Typha lati-
folia, Zea Maya, Hypericum elodes.
Solid, plemis, solidus. Having no internal cavity. Zea
Mays, Orchis maculata, Saccharum officinale.
Yio\\o\y , fistulosus. Having in its middle, a cavity, either
continued uninterrupted through the whole length, or
parted in cells by midriffs. Equisetum, Gramineee, Orchis
latifolia. Sonchus arvensis.
5. Form.
Cylindrical, Caulis cylindricus, teres. Long, the transverse
section being circular; nearly the same size throughout
the greatest part of its length. Chenopodium spinacifolium,
Abies, Stramonium foetidum.
Lengthened, virgatus. Long, straight-lined, and weak
growing narrower from the bottom to the top. Campanula
esculenta, Reseda salicifolia. Althaea officinalis.
Flagelliform, Jlagelliformis. Thin, and supple like a
thong. Vinca major. Clematis Vitalba, Rubus saxatilis.
Melon-shaped, melonijbrmis. Cactus Melocactus, Euphorbia
cucumerina.
Compressed, compressus. Flattened on two opposite
sides, Poa compressa, Cactus Opuntia.
Two-edged, anceps. Compressed with two sharp edges
like a dagger. Androssemum officinale.
Leaf-like, phylloideus. Flattened and herbaceous like
leaves. Cactus Phyllanthus, Platylobium scolopendrium.
Obtuse-angled, ohtusb ajigulatus. When it has angles
ivhich are obtuse. Salvia pratensis, Melissa officinalis.
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