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INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 51
7. Surface.
Seal-like, Radix sigillata. Having at certain distances
scars resembling- impressions of seals, these being the places
where herbaceous stems have formerly grown. Polygonatum
vulgare. PI. % fig. 11, b.
Bladdery, utriculosa. Having small bladders which
appear to serve the purposes of leaves. Utricularia.
Scaly, squamosa. These scales are abortive leaves.
Lathrsea squamosa, Oxalis vulgaris. PI. 2, fig. 10.
Toothed, dentata. Furnished with appendages like
teeth, which are abortive leaves. Cardamine amara, Adoxa^
Dentaria pentaphylla.
8. Duraiio72.
Annual, Radix annua. Dying with the year.
Biennial, biennis. Lasting a second year.
Perennial, perennis. Lasting more than two years.
9. Growth.
Perpendicular, Radix perpendicularis. The principal
root growing right down into the ground. Daucus, Fraxinus,
Quercus.
Horizontal, horizontalis. Growing level with the ground.
Iris, Anemone nemorosa, Oxalis vulgaris. PI. 2, fig. 4.
Creeping, repens. Growing horizontally, but sending
off shoots and stalks. Mentha, Achillea millefolia. PI. 2,
fig. 4 ; pi. 8, fig. 9.
Progressive, progrediens. Extending itself one way, and
dying away in another part. Polygonatum vulgare, Bistorta
major, Anemone nemorosa, Allium nutans. PI. 2,
fig. 2, 4, 11.
Sucker-bearing, stolojiifera. GEnanthe fistulosa, Fragaria.
Bulb-bearing, hdbifera. Having a bulb, or onion, at
the top. Cepa esculenta, Hyacinthus. PI. 2, fig. 8 ; pi. 3,
fig. 1, 2, 3, 4.
Sprouting, iuriojiifera. Bearing eyes or asparagi. Aspa-^
ragus officinalis, Solanura tuberosum. Pi, 2, fig. 2,
E 2