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INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 15
case, the plants were divided into six books : the first, a
farrago of very dissimilar plants in alphabetical order : the
second, flowers and umbelliferous plants : the third, medi-
cinal roots, purgative plants, climbers, poisonous plants,
ferns, mosses, fungi : the fourth, grain, pulse, grasses, water
and marsh plants: the fifth, edibles, gourds, esculent
roots, oiera, thistles, and spinose plants : the sixth and
last, shrubs and trees. Certes a most confused arrangement,
but it showed the value of bringing the history of
plants which resembled each other near together.
Soon after the accession of Elizabeth, Dr. William Bullein
published his " Bulwark of Defence against all Sick-
nesse, Soarnesse, and Wouiides that doe daily assaulte
Mankinde." He was, like Turner, a clergyman as well as
a physician. Notwithstanding his high reputation, he
underwent much prosecution from the brother of Sir
Thomas Hilton, who accused him of murdering that gentleman,
who had been the patron of Bullein, and who had
died of a malignant fever. ' Although his innocence was
fully manifested, his prosecutor arrested him for a debt due
to the deceased, and flung him into prison, where he wrote
a great part of his medical v^ritings. In one of the parts
of this collection of his writings he enumerates the virtues
of British simples, partly from preceding writers, and partly
from his own experience. On one point he is very patriotic,
and he vindicates the fertility and climate of England
with much ardour.
Contemporary with Turner and Bullein was Dr. Thomas
Penny, who was not only a botanist of repute, but was one
of the first Englishmen who studied entomologjr. He published
no works of his own, but he furnished Gesner,
Clusius, and Caraerarius, with many communications re-
lating to English botany ; and his papers, which he left
to Turner and Mouffet, formed the basis of the Theatrum
Insectorum of the latter.
Lobel, although a Fleming, passed the greater part of
his life in England, where he was afterwards appointed
botanist to King James the First. He published, conjointly
with Pena, the first edition of his Adversaria, in
1570, which afterwards underwent several improvements.
In this work, the arrangement proposed by Dodonjeus
was much improved, and an attempt made to form a natural
arrangement in forty-four tribes ; at the head of each
of which is given a list of the plants belonging to it. He
begins with the grasses, of which he describes a number of