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INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 119
Scarious, scariosum. The bracteas that form the involucrum
are thin, dry, semitransparent. Xeranthemum,
Gnaphalium Staschas, G. dioichum.
Squarrose, squarrosum. Composed of stiff bracteae, close
together, the upper part bent back. Cnicus cernuus, Carduus
pycnocephalus, Cynara Cardunculus.
Spinous, spinosum. The bracteag are armed with spines.
Hippophaestum vulgare, Silybum Marias, Onopordum vul-
gare.
Burlike, fish-hooked, lappaceum, hamosum. The bracteas
bend down at the tip like a fish-hook. Arctium.
Involucelle.
Involucellum. The Iractece that are attached to umhellules,
or the partial divisions of compound flowers that have an
mvolucrum attached to the whole assemhlage.
Calycule.
Calyculus. An involucrum that is attached to a single
flower, and adheres hy its base to the true calyx.
Collar.
Collare. The involucrum of an umlel when composed of a
single row of bractece, placed in a whirl.
Pericline.
Common calyx, Periclinium, Calyx communis, Perigynandra
communis, Periphorantium. The involucrum of' a
true compound flower, surrounding the clinanthe. Composite.—The
same as the involucrum calathidiflorum, mentioned
in the preceding page.
CUPULE.
Cupula. An envelope containing the female flowers, never
perfectly closed, and remaining attached to the fruit.
One-flowered, Cupula uniflora. Ephedra, Taxus baccata,
Pinus, Abies, Larix, Juniperus, Cupressus, Thuya,
Corylus.
Two-flowered, biflora. Fagus sylvatica.
Three-flowered, triflora. Castanea vesca.
% Double, duplex. The inner woody, one-flowered ; the
exterior succulent, one or two-flowered, at first only a
slight embossment, but grows larger, and assumes the form
of a berry. Taxus baccata.