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74* INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. of composition : the primaiy footstalk divided into secondary footstalks, and those into third-rank footstalks. Triternate, trUernata. The primary footstalk divided! into three, and each of these into three others; all the nine? bearing three leaflets each. Epimedium ^Ipinum, Crithmum maritimum,. Smyrnium vulgare, Acteea spicata. PI. 6, Tripinnate, tripinnata. The common footstalk has on its sides secondary footstalks, and these have also on their sides third-rank footstalks, to the sides of which leaflets are attached. Daucus vulgaris, Phellandrium aquaticum, Thalictrum minus. The leaflets of compound leaves admit most of the characters of simple leaves. 16. Expansion. Flat, Folia plana. Most plants. Convex, convexa. The upper face convex, the lower' concave. Ocymum Basilicum raajus. Concave, concava. The upper face concave, the lower convex, Drosera rotundifolia, tjmbilicus pendulinus, Saxifraga oppositifolia. Grooved, channelled, canaliculata. Long, with a hollow channel throughout their whole length. Lygeum Spartum, Salsola decumbens, Pinus sylvestris. Keeled, caritiata^ Grooved, with a projection on the under surface the whole length, like the keel of a vessel. Sparganium erectum, Tragopogon pratense, Stellaria ho- lostea. Narcissus biflorus, Ajax fenestralis. Folded, plicata. Having sevei'al folds lengthways. Veratrum album, Altheea officinalis, Malva sylvestris. Puckered, crispa. Wrinkled irregularly over the whole surface. Rumex crispus, Mentha crispa, Malva crispa, Hypericum crispum. BuUate, hullata. With the upper surface raised up in bubblelike or conical tubercles, which are hollowed on the under side. Lamium Orvalla, Ocymum Basilicum majus. PI. 6, fig. 2. Wrinkled, riigosa. With the veins sunk in a little, so as to form a number of wrinkles. Salvia officinalis, Scorodonia solitaria, Marrubium vulgare. Waved, undulala. The edge rising and falling alternately in roundish folds like waves. Persicaria acris, Bis- torta major, Jasione montana, Inula pulicaria.

. tinosa, INTRODUCTION TO BOTANT. 7* Capped, cucuUata. Rolled up lengthways like a cornet. Geranium cueullatum, Plantago maxima. 1 7. Nervature. Ribbed, Folia nervata, nervosa. With one or more ribs. Linum perenne, Plantago media, P. lanceolata, Opulus palustris. One-ribbed, uninervia, uninervaia. With only one rib. Linum perenne. Three-ribbed, trinervia. With three ribs extended lengthways the leaf, from the base. Saponaria officinalis,. Linum usitatissimum. PI. 5, fig. 16. Five-ribbed, quinquenarvia. With five ribs, lengthways the leaf, from the base. Gentiana lutea. Seven-ribbed, septem-nervia. Alisma major. Nine-ribbed, novem-nervia. Melastoma grandiflora. Many-ribbed, multinervia. Cypripedium ferrugineum. PI. 4, fig. 2. Triple-ribbed, triplinervia. The rib is tripled, throwing out two side-branches a little above the base of the leaves. Melastoma multiflora. PI. 6, fig. 3. Quintuple-ribbed, qumtupli-nervia. With four side branches. Melastoma discolor. Multiple-ribbed, multipli-nervia. With many side branches. Hydrogeton fenestralis. PI. 5, fig. 15. ^ Straight-ribbed, rect'mervia^ penninervia. Ribs running in a straight line. Alnus glutinosa, Cutanea vesca, Carpinus ulmoides. PI. 4, fig. 4. Curve-ribbed, curvijiervia, converginervia. Ribs describe a curve. Plantago media. PL 5, fig. 15; PI. 4, fig. 2. Parallel-ribbed, parallelinervia. Ribs keep at an equal distance from one another. Crataegus alpina, Alnus glu- Castanea vesca, Carpinus ulmoides. Diverging-ribbed, diverginervia. Ribs spread out as they go from base to tip. Opulus palustris, Alchimilla vulgaris. P1.6, fig. 16. Star-ribbed, stelUnervia, peltinerv'ia. Ribs run from the middle of the leaf to the circumference. Hydrocotyle vul- garis, Ricinus communis. PI. 6, fig. 9. % Nervato-veined, nervato-venosa. Ribs divided several times, and divided into veins. Tropaeolum majus. Ribless, innervia. The ribs being enveloped with parenchyme do not appear externally, and the leaves are considered as being without ribsj Sempervivum tectorum.

. tinosa,<br />

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANT. 7*<br />

Capped, cucuUata. Rolled up lengthways like a cornet.<br />

Geranium cueullatum, Plantago maxima.<br />

1 7. Nervature.<br />

Ribbed, Folia nervata, nervosa. With one or more ribs.<br />

Linum perenne, Plantago media, P. lanceolata, Opulus<br />

palustris.<br />

One-ribbed, uninervia, uninervaia. With only one rib.<br />

Linum perenne.<br />

Three-ribbed, trinervia. With three ribs extended<br />

lengthways the leaf, from the base. Saponaria officinalis,.<br />

Linum usitatissimum. PI. 5, fig. 16.<br />

Five-ribbed, quinquenarvia. With five ribs, lengthways<br />

the leaf, from the base. Gentiana lutea.<br />

Seven-ribbed, septem-nervia. Alisma major.<br />

Nine-ribbed, novem-nervia. Melastoma grandiflora.<br />

Many-ribbed, multinervia. Cypripedium ferrugineum.<br />

PI. 4, fig. 2.<br />

Triple-ribbed, triplinervia. The rib is tripled, throwing<br />

out two side-branches a little above the base of the leaves.<br />

Melastoma multiflora. PI. 6, fig. 3.<br />

Quintuple-ribbed, qumtupli-nervia. With four side<br />

branches. Melastoma discolor.<br />

Multiple-ribbed, multipli-nervia. With many side<br />

branches. Hydrogeton fenestralis. PI. 5, fig. 15.<br />

^ Straight-ribbed, rect'mervia^ penninervia. Ribs running<br />

in a straight line. Alnus glutinosa, Cutanea vesca, Carpinus<br />

ulmoides. PI. 4, fig. 4.<br />

Curve-ribbed, curvijiervia, converginervia. Ribs describe<br />

a curve. Plantago media. PL 5, fig. 15; PI. 4, fig. 2.<br />

Parallel-ribbed, parallelinervia. Ribs keep at an equal<br />

distance from one another. Crataegus alpina, Alnus glu-<br />

Castanea vesca, Carpinus ulmoides.<br />

Diverging-ribbed, diverginervia. Ribs spread out as they<br />

go from base to tip. Opulus palustris, Alchimilla vulgaris.<br />

P1.6, fig. 16.<br />

Star-ribbed, stelUnervia, peltinerv'ia. Ribs run from the<br />

middle of the leaf to the circumference. Hydrocotyle vul-<br />

garis, Ricinus communis. PI. 6, fig. 9.<br />

% Nervato-veined, nervato-venosa. Ribs divided several<br />

times, and divided into veins. Tropaeolum majus.<br />

Ribless, innervia. The ribs being enveloped with parenchyme<br />

do not appear externally, and the leaves are<br />

considered as being without ribsj Sempervivum tectorum.

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