Sheep - AgRIS

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8.1.2 Supplementry feeding The slaughter weight in Indian sheep is far lower and the age at which target weight is achieved is far higher than expected. The system requires input of concentrate which although cost effective, yet has not been adopted due to socio-economic conditions of the farmer. The work done in the country on grazing with supplementation have indicated that in addition to free grazing supplementation of limited quantity of concentrate amounting to 1.5 to 2.0 per cent of body weight will provide marketable finishing weight of 25 and 30 kg at 6 and 9 months of age respectively. The lambs under sole of grazing on Cenchrus pasture with concentrate supplementation @ 1.5 per cent of their body weight achieved 26.7 kg at 6 months of age with about 100 g average daily germ. 8.1.2.1 Maintenance requirements An animal has to maintain itself before it is able to produce in the form of tissue growth, development of foetus and milk or wool production. Maintenance requirments include the requirements for basal metabolism (BM) plus the normal activity without any production. Energy is the basic need to keep the animal‘s physiological processes going. The next is nitrogen (protein) which is required to meet the normal wear and tear of tissues. Mineral and vitamins are also needed to aid metabolic processes and normal tissue functioning. Several experiments in India have shown that for maintenance of adult sheep weighing 30-40 kg,350 to 450 g of TDN per day are required. In other words, 10 g of TDN per day per kg body weight should be ensured to maintain the weight of the animal. Energy requirement Energy requirement for maintenance could be met from grazing alone, if a well developed pasture is available. Generally, during the period from January to June in arid and semi-arid areas, the energy availability to the animal is even less than the maintenance requirment thereby necessitating additional supplementation. The TDN content of the pasture, forage is about 50-55% during lush green season and 35-40% during dry months. Assessment has to be made at the local level whether the pasture available could maintain the animals. If the animals are fed in stalls on legume hay or a high quality grass it is sufficient to maintain the animals. The vegetation resources on the grazing land should be developed in 3 tier system (grass-shrubtrees). No additional supplementation is required just to maintain the animal if sufficient vegetation is available in the grazing area. The best system of management should be to leave the animals to themselves in a paddock although the initial investment is very high to make a paddock. Protein Requirement The protein requirment for maintaining the body weight of animal is based on the metabolic faecal nitrogen (MFN) and the endogenous urinary nitrogen (EUN) excretion plus the nitrogen requirements for normal growth of their hair and hoof and nitrogen loss from the skin. About 2 mg of nitrogen or 12.5g of protein are required per kcal of basal heat production. This value refers to protein actually needed in the replacement of nitrogen. In actual feeding practice extra amount should be provided to allow for wastage in digestion and metabolism. Provision of twice the amount of nitrogen/protein required per kcal of basal heat would meet the maintenance requirement of the digestible protein. It is reported that 0.32 g of DP kg body weight could maintain the weight of the rams (Singh et al., 1979). This value is quite low compared to that reported by Gill and Negi (1971) who found 23 g of DCP was required for a ram of 30 kg weight. A diet containing 3.4% DCP with a nutritive ratio of 1.13 was found to be adequate for maintenance of a ram (Sharma and Negi, 1977). Grazing studies at Cental <strong>Sheep</strong> and Wool Research Institute,Bikaner have shown that even with low level of digestible protein intake (7 to 9 g per day) during the period from Junuary to June, Marwari ewes maintained weight. It appears that at low level of intake of protein, the animals recycled nitrogen and met their protein requirements to maintain weight. On the basis of available data, it can be concluded that in practical feeding conditions it would be desirable to provide 1g of DCP per kg of live weight for maintenance of sheep. This requirement could easily be met if legume fodder is fed or if the animals graze on green pastures. With dry pastures, during summer or with feeding of straws or low quality grass hay, additional supplementation of protein would be necessary. 431
Mineral and vitamin Requirement If the energy and protein requirments are met through conventional feeds, the mineral and vitamin requirement are also met for maintaining the weight of the animals except in specific deficient pasture or feed. During summer months, there is a possibility of vitamin A deficiency but this has not been demonstrated in clinical form, although there is evidence of a low level of vitamin A in blood during summer (Hajra and Patnaik 1975). The requirements of different nutrients for maintenance of adult sheep weighing about 35 kg are given in Table 8.4. These requirements are based on the figures given in the NRC tables. Table 8.4 Requirements for different nutrients for maintenance of an adult sheep weighing 35 kg. Nutrient Required/day* Total feed 900 g TDN (Total Digestible Nutrients) 450 g DCP (Digestible Crude Protein) 45 g Calcium 2.4 g Phosphorus 2.0 g Magnesium 1.2 g Common salt 5.0 g Potassium 4.5 g Sulpher 1.5 g Copper 8.0 mg Cobalt 0.2 mg Zinc 75 mg Iron 60 mg Manganese 30 mg Iodine 0.1 mg Molybdenum 1.5 mg Selenium 0.1 mg Carotiene 1.5 mg Vitamin A 750 Iu Vitamin D 200 Iu * Air dry basis 8.1.2.2 Feeding for production Growth Growth is a very complex physiological process in the sheep production system. It can be defined as a correlated increase in body mass in definite intervals of time in a way characteristics of a species. True growth is characterised primarily by an increase in protein,mineral matter and water. Fat deposition is not considered as growth. It is however difficult to partition the growth and fat deposition in the normal process. Although in a strict sense the starting point of growth is conception from the feeding point of view. It is better to consider the growth requirement after birth. The requirement for growth from conception to birth can be covered under feeding of pregnant ewes. The type of feeding for growth would depend upon the age, physical and physiological state of the stomach compartments. Pre-weaning growth Growth during this period play an important role in the subsequent development of the lamb. From birth to 3 weeks of age, the lamb has non-ruminant status and feeding during this period should be mostly on liquid milk and milk substitutes. From 3 weeks to 2 months of age, it is a transition phase during which rumen development takes place and at 2 months of age the development is completed. The creep feed should be fed to lamb as early as 2 weeks of age so 432
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1. Introduction ANNEXURE - IX-C SHE
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2. Classification, Origin and Domes
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Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka,
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different states it is estimated th
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Table 3.3 continued...... Country N
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een possible because of its substan
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(USA). The Rambouillet as purebreds
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ii) Marwari Deriving its name from
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Pradesh and Bihar, Bijapur, Gulbarg
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elatively tall with little hair exc
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4.2 Distribution of type breeds in
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Table 4.1 continued...... Region/Br
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Table 4.2 continued....... SI. Bree
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5. Genetics 5.1 Chromosome Profile
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esponsible for the formation of one
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the exercise these animals did not
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For understanding the inheritance o
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with a dense growth of relatively l
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produced on rations which contain i
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The Coefficient of Variation The co
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5.6.3 Wool Production/Wool yield an
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6. Breeding 6.1 Components of Sheep
Page 45 and 46: elationships. Certain coat colors a
Page 47 and 48: Selection on this basis means that
Page 49 and 50: ii) Independent Culling Method In t
Page 51 and 52: eflected by increase in average fle
Page 53 and 54: at 75 or 8-4 monthly intervals comp
Page 55 and 56: Based on the crossbreeding results,
Page 57 and 58: Table 6.8 Means and standard errors
Page 59 and 60: month post-weaning individual feedl
Page 61 and 62: ams) in November, 1975 for evaluati
Page 63 and 64: een heavily fed and therefore may h
Page 65 and 66: need for one or more "teasers" to d
Page 67 and 68: ii) Consistency The normal consiste
Page 69 and 70: collection frequencies per day in 3
Page 71 and 72: iv) Altitude High altitude and poor
Page 73 and 74: containing diluents enriched with a
Page 75 and 76: 6. Nutrients Although spermatozoa u
Page 77 and 78: 7. 3.1 Puberty Puberty in the femal
Page 79 and 80: Estrogen in large quantities inhibi
Page 81 and 82: The udder becomes firm and enlarged
Page 83 and 84: 7. 3. 8 Interlambing interval It is
Page 85 and 86: 8. Nutrition 8.1 Components of Shee
Page 87 and 88: allied to the various amino acids o
Page 89 and 90: animals. A deficiency of salt is sh
Page 91 and 92: seem to have most significance in s
Page 93 and 94: Table 8.2 Chemical composition of g
Page 95: Table 8.3 Nutritive value of fodder
Page 99 and 100: Table 8.5 Total digestible nutrient
Page 101 and 102: Table 8.7 continued....... c) Lacta
Page 103 and 104: shirinking due to reclaimation of l
Page 105 and 106: Sorghum-Berseem-Maize Improved vari
Page 107 and 108: 9. Housing and Management 9.1 Syste
Page 109 and 110: ) Shearing, skirtng and primary cla
Page 111 and 112: The availability of pastures which
Page 113 and 114: fodder as green or hay, concentrate
Page 115 and 116: 9.2.2 Lambs Efforts should be made
Page 117 and 118: Mortality in young lambs and other
Page 119 and 120: land and they depend on the forest
Page 121 and 122: age and fed intensively till they a
Page 123 and 124: Overnight teasing and drafting ridd
Page 125 and 126: The secretion of milk takes place d
Page 127 and 128: with coarse and hairy breeds showed
Page 129 and 130: 11. Sheep Production System in Diff
Page 131 and 132: 12. Wool Production and quality 12.
Page 133 and 134: crosses with Dorset and Merinos, Pa
Page 135 and 136: 13. Meat Production 13.1 MeatProduc
Page 137 and 138: Table 13.1 Mutton (sheep) productio
Page 139 and 140: 14.4 Utilization of milk Sheep are
Page 141 and 142: one crushing mills and about 360 bo
Page 143 and 144: 16. Sheep Records It is essential t
Page 145 and 146: 17. Diseases and their Control Morb
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Atropin sulphate 2.0 mg/kg. body we
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contents by neutralization tests wi
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prophylactic, foot and mouth vaccin
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Sheep - AgRIS

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