Sheep - AgRIS

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The tree leaves, classed as emergency fodders for livestock, form integral part of feed for sheep in India. They serve as a potential source of feed during December to June when the grazing material becomes scarce in arid and semi-arid regions, and grazing lands are covered with snow in hill regions. The nutritive value of important tree leaves is given in Table 8.3. The tree leaves contain comparatiwly lower percentage of crude protein than grasses and hays. Their fibres become complex, and with age highly lignified and crude protein content decreases and the crude fibre content increases. Their calcium content is 2-3 times more than in the cultivated fodders and grasses. The phosphorus content is low and so phosporus balance is negative. The dry-matter consumption by sheep from different top feeds is quite satisfactory as they consume on an average 3.3 kg from most of the annual and perennial grasses. The crude protein is digestible from about 30 to 80 per cent. Tannic acid in tree leaves is a limiting factor for the proper utilization of protein and carbohydrates by ruminants. In spite of high intakes of nitrogen and calcium, the balances of these nutrients are poor when the tree leaves are fed as sole feed. The wide ratio of calcium to phosphorus intake results in poor utiliza tion ofthese inorganic nutrients. The higher calcium in tree leaves is of no use unless phosporus is supplemented with them. 8.1.1.4 Traditional grazing practices Under the existing system of feeding management sheep in India are mainly raised under exclusive rangeland grazing with supplementation of top feed resources during critical lean season. Organized husbandry practices, nutritional inputs commensurating with various physiological stages and production traits and prophylactic and curative health coverage are almost negligible. The native sheep have poor production potential and efforts for their genetic upgradation by introduction of high producing breeds has not been largely successful under field condition due to lack of supporting feed input. The sheep under field condition subsist by grazing/browsing on variety of grasses, bushes and top feeds. In vogue grazing practices for sheep are indiscriminate and governed by compulsions of feed resource availability, taboos and tradition specific for the regions and socio-economic conditions of the farmers. Under the existing management practices of exclusive range land grazing the lambs hardly achieve 15 to 16 kg at six months of age whereas they are marketed for slaughter around 9 to 12 months weighing about 20 to 22 kg with average carcass weight of 10 kg. The emerging awareness of consumers for quality meat, export avenue to middle eastern countries and changing land utilization pattern is likely to alter the small ruminant production system in the country and in future majority ofthe stock will be raised on stall feeding or grazing with supplementation to meet the market requirement. Appropriate technologies have been generated to meet the requirements of changmg scenario. Long term experiments with sheep and goats maintained under free grazing on semiarid forest rangeland at stocking density of 3 sheep and goats per hectare indicated that the lambs weighed 11, 16 and 21 kg at 3, 6 and 12 months of age and in similar experiments on arid range land spread over three years the lambs weighed 11 and 16 kg and kids 10 and 13 kg respectively. The innovative experiment involving a local sheep farmer to graze and manage sheep as his own stock on exclusive rangeland grazing and stocked as per carrying capacity it was evident that overall productivity of native sheep was better than the crossbred. Continuous grazing provided desirable production traits in the first year which decreased in second year followed by termination of experiment in the first quarter of third year as the pasture could not maintain the animals leading to heavy mortality. The results indicated that the pasture even stocked as per carrying capacity has to be provided rest for its proper rejuvenation and hpalth. Survey, spread over five years, conducted on farmers own flock maintained on public grazing land in villages indicated that the native and crossbred sheep weighed 9.2, 13.1, 1 6.1 and 19.7 kg respectively at 2, 4, 6 and 9 months of age and crossbred were heavier than native. Similar studies on lab to land and Operational Research Project adopted sheep farmers of Rajasthan indicated that birth, 3, 6, and 9 months weights of native lambs were 2.9, 10.9, 13.5 and 20.2 kg while the corresponding weights in crossbreeds were 3.0, 11.6, 14.2 and 19.5 kg respectively. The results indicated that crossbreeds were heavier than natives at birth, 3 and 6 months of age while at marketable age of 9 months natives were heavier than crossbred. 429
Table 8.3 Nutritive value of fodder tree leaves of India on DM basis Trees DCP TDN DE ME (kg) (kg) (Mcal Per kg) (Mcal Per kg) Ardu (A. grandis) 13.0 63.0 – – Banj (Quercus incania) 5.7 43.7 1.92 1.58 Beri (Ziziphus jujuba) 3.1 30.7 1.35 1.10 Bankli (A. latifolia) 0.6 47.7 2.15 1.76 Bamboo (Bendrocalamus strictus) 9.3 48.8 2.40 1.97 Bahera (Beleria) 16.7 54.6 2.40 1.97 Bhimall Biul (Grewia opposositifolia) 16.7 54.6 2.40 1.67 Bel (Aegle marmelos) 10.8 56.7 2.40 2.04 Bagad (Ficus benghalensis) 0.81 17.8 0.78 0.64 Bahera (T. belerica) 0.8 54.5 2.40 1.96 Gauj (Millettia auriculata) 15.5 44.9 1.98 1.62 Jaman (Syzygium cumini) 0.02 17.5 0.77 0.63 Kanju (Molopteoea integrifolia) 5.2 58.1 2.56 1.20 Khoda (Elevis) 8.4 54.8 1.41 1.98 Pakar (Ficus infectora) 1.61 18.3 0.81 0.66 Phaldu (Mitrazyna parviftora) 1.58 49.9 2.22 1.80 Jheengham (L. grandis) 4.9 55.2 2.43 1.95 Jharberi (Ziziphus nummularia) 5.5 51.1 2.26 1.84 Kusum (Scheleichera trijuga) 3.4 47.5 2.09 1.71 Katchnar (Bauhinia variegata) 9.2 55.5 2.45 2.00 Kumbhi (Careya arborea) 0.2 46.3 2.04 1.67 Lasora (Cordia obliquoa) 5.4 26.9 1.18 0.97 Mahua (Madhuca indica) 0.0 37.0 2.16 1.38 Marorfali (Helicteres isora) 9.17 58.4 2.57 2.11 Neem (Azadirachta indica) 8.4 53.3 2.34 1.92 Pipal (Ficus religiosa) 7.0 38.3 1.68 1.38 Pula (Kydia calycina) 7.9 45.2 1.99 1.63 Rohina (Mallolus Philippensis) 1.2 34.0 1.50 1.23 Ratendu (saurauia napaulensis) 1.2 34.0 1.50 1.23 Sainjana(Oleifera) 11.0 61.5 2.71 2.32 Sal(Shorearobusta) 1.1 42.7 1.88 1.57 Siras (Albizia labbeck) 10.5 49.3 2.17 1.61 Sandal (Qugeinia dalbergoides) 3.7 45.6 2.00 1.64 Sain(Termenatiatomentosa) 0.0 34.9 1.54 1.26 Tut (Madhuca indica) 10.7 59.6 2.76 2.15 Tilonj (Quercus dilatata) 4.2 43.2 1.92 1.58 Source: Rajhan, S.K. l989. Agro-industrial Byproducts and Non-conventional Feeds for Livestock feeding. Indian Council of Agricultural Research b. Cultivated pasture The perennial monoculture grass (Cenchrus ciliaffs) pasture in semi arid region has biomass yield of 2.0 T/ha which is sufficient to maintain 5 small ruminants or 1 Adult Cattle Unit (ACU) with followers round the year. The lambs born to the ewes maintained exdusively on Cenchrus pasture had birth, weaning, six and 9 months weight of 3.2, 13.9 20.6 and 23.9 kg respectively with empty live weight dressing yield of 54.3 percent. Similar studies conducted on cultivated sewan (Lasirus sindicus) pasture in arid location at stocking density of 5 sheeplha indicated that the pasture intake was insufficient to maintain them from January to June requiring supplementation during lean period. Nutrient intake and utilization in sheep for supporting desired growth rate in lambs and to sustain adults stock in critical physiological stages addition of pasture legumes viz. Dolichos and Serato or intercropping with Cowpea has definite advantage. c. Silvipasture Establishment of silvipasture improves quality of nutrient available ensuring its supply round the year. Experiment conducted at CSWRI has indicated that the hoggets are able to achieve 30 kg at yearling age whereas under grazing on natural pastures with some supplementation with grass and cultivated fodder hay it was 25.0 kg. Similar studies conducted on ewes in advance stage of gestation and lactation indicated that pasture intake was not adequate for them requiring supplementation to harvest desirable production traits. Another study with weaner lambs and kids on three and two tier silvipasture indicated that lambs and kids were able to achieve 22.0 kg body weight at 6 months of age without concentrate supplementation. 430
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1. Introduction ANNEXURE - IX-C SHE
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2. Classification, Origin and Domes
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Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka,
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different states it is estimated th
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Table 3.3 continued...... Country N
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een possible because of its substan
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(USA). The Rambouillet as purebreds
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ii) Marwari Deriving its name from
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Pradesh and Bihar, Bijapur, Gulbarg
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elatively tall with little hair exc
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4.2 Distribution of type breeds in
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Table 4.1 continued...... Region/Br
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Table 4.2 continued....... SI. Bree
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5. Genetics 5.1 Chromosome Profile
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esponsible for the formation of one
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the exercise these animals did not
Page 33 and 34:
For understanding the inheritance o
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with a dense growth of relatively l
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produced on rations which contain i
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The Coefficient of Variation The co
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5.6.3 Wool Production/Wool yield an
Page 43 and 44: 6. Breeding 6.1 Components of Sheep
Page 45 and 46: elationships. Certain coat colors a
Page 47 and 48: Selection on this basis means that
Page 49 and 50: ii) Independent Culling Method In t
Page 51 and 52: eflected by increase in average fle
Page 53 and 54: at 75 or 8-4 monthly intervals comp
Page 55 and 56: Based on the crossbreeding results,
Page 57 and 58: Table 6.8 Means and standard errors
Page 59 and 60: month post-weaning individual feedl
Page 61 and 62: ams) in November, 1975 for evaluati
Page 63 and 64: een heavily fed and therefore may h
Page 65 and 66: need for one or more "teasers" to d
Page 67 and 68: ii) Consistency The normal consiste
Page 69 and 70: collection frequencies per day in 3
Page 71 and 72: iv) Altitude High altitude and poor
Page 73 and 74: containing diluents enriched with a
Page 75 and 76: 6. Nutrients Although spermatozoa u
Page 77 and 78: 7. 3.1 Puberty Puberty in the femal
Page 79 and 80: Estrogen in large quantities inhibi
Page 81 and 82: The udder becomes firm and enlarged
Page 83 and 84: 7. 3. 8 Interlambing interval It is
Page 85 and 86: 8. Nutrition 8.1 Components of Shee
Page 87 and 88: allied to the various amino acids o
Page 89 and 90: animals. A deficiency of salt is sh
Page 91 and 92: seem to have most significance in s
Page 93: Table 8.2 Chemical composition of g
Page 97 and 98: Mineral and vitamin Requirement If
Page 99 and 100: Table 8.5 Total digestible nutrient
Page 101 and 102: Table 8.7 continued....... c) Lacta
Page 103 and 104: shirinking due to reclaimation of l
Page 105 and 106: Sorghum-Berseem-Maize Improved vari
Page 107 and 108: 9. Housing and Management 9.1 Syste
Page 109 and 110: ) Shearing, skirtng and primary cla
Page 111 and 112: The availability of pastures which
Page 113 and 114: fodder as green or hay, concentrate
Page 115 and 116: 9.2.2 Lambs Efforts should be made
Page 117 and 118: Mortality in young lambs and other
Page 119 and 120: land and they depend on the forest
Page 121 and 122: age and fed intensively till they a
Page 123 and 124: Overnight teasing and drafting ridd
Page 125 and 126: The secretion of milk takes place d
Page 127 and 128: with coarse and hairy breeds showed
Page 129 and 130: 11. Sheep Production System in Diff
Page 131 and 132: 12. Wool Production and quality 12.
Page 133 and 134: crosses with Dorset and Merinos, Pa
Page 135 and 136: 13. Meat Production 13.1 MeatProduc
Page 137 and 138: Table 13.1 Mutton (sheep) productio
Page 139 and 140: 14.4 Utilization of milk Sheep are
Page 141 and 142: one crushing mills and about 360 bo
Page 143 and 144: 16. Sheep Records It is essential t
Page 145 and 146:
17. Diseases and their Control Morb
Page 147 and 148:
Atropin sulphate 2.0 mg/kg. body we
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contents by neutralization tests wi
Page 151 and 152:
prophylactic, foot and mouth vaccin
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Sheep - AgRIS

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