Sheep - AgRIS

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dropping of weak lambs and the scant milk flow for support of the offspring. Experiments have shown that sheep utilize the protein of the ration better if it is close to the minimum needs, but there is no apparent harm to any of the body organs if it is fed to a much greater extent than needed to meet requirements. Although it may not be so efficiently utilized, the resulting production will be satisfactory. Perhaps the lowered efficiency in utilization when protein is fed in large quantities is due to the lack of sufficient nonnitrogenous nutrients to enable sheep to use the protein with maximum efficiency. This may be an explanation of the usually satisfactory results secured in lamb fattening with a ration of alfalfa and corn. These two feeds often produce as good results as can be obtained with more complicated qualities. It is possible that some of the beneficial effects of high protein feeds are due to other essential nutrients, such as vitamins and minerals often found in such feeds. v) Minerals Minerals are required for the building and maintenance of the skeleton and teeth. They play an important role in digestion, maintenance of osmotic pressure in different body fluids and wool growth. They form essential parts of certain organic compounds which occur in muscles blood and various secretions. Deficiency of any mineral will exhibit clinical symptoms. The role ofthe minerals in sheep nutrition is complicated. Excess of some ofthem may result in poor feed intake, digestion and utilization of other minerals, and can even cause toxicity. <strong>Sheep</strong> have certain definite mineral needs. Wlthout these minerals proper nutrition is not accomplished, but feeding them to excess is in no wise supported by investigations of the problem. Eleven mineral elements have been found essential for sheep and other herbivorous animals. These are calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chlorine, magnesium, iron, iodine, sulphur, copper and cobalt. In addition to these there has been some evidence to indicate that manganese and zinc are necessary for various body functions. The common mineral deficiency symptoms are anorexia (reduced appetite), reduced gain or loss in body weight, unthriftiness, abnormal hair or wool coat and skin dullness, bone deformation, staggered gait and organ damage. Calcium and phosphorus are necessary for bone formation and its maintenance. Deficiencies or imbalance ofthese minerals are indicated by rickets in young ones and osteoporosis in adults. Deficiency of copper and cobalt may result in tetany and doggy wool. Selenium deficiency may lead to white muscle' disease in lambs. Sulphur is present in wool and hair and its deficiency will leadto poor wool production and quality. Inadequate supply of iron, copper and cobalt results in anaemia, and lack of iodine in goitre. Salt Salt is a combination of sodium and chlorine, two ofthe essential minerals. These minerals perform an important work in maintaining the osmotic pressure in the cells of the body and thus aid in the transfer of nutrients to the cells and in the removal of waste materials from them. Both of these minerals are also found in the blood. Chlorine is required for the production of the hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice, which is one of the digestive juices of the stomach. <strong>Sheep</strong> have a very low stomach acidity, but they have a great need for salt and become so hungry for it if deprived of it for a considerable period that they may overeat, and death may result. The daily salt consumption ranges from one-quarter to three-quarters ounce daily per head, depending upon the size of the animal and upon the character of the feed. Rangemen usually figure the requirement as a 400 gm per month for each sheep. There are some coastal areas and some alkali regions where the salt content of the herbage and soil is so high that sheep require no salt in addition. However, in all other areas salt in some form should be made available to them all times. This is a better practice thap giving salt at weekly intervals. Although there is often much varied views regarding the relative merits of salt in various forms, there are no fundamental differences except some forms can be more readily eaten than others. There is no doubt that a lack of salt is a far more common cause of mineral deficiency among sheep flocks than is the lack of any other mineral. This arises because of the failure to provide it regularly and in ample quantities and because it is excreted daily, chiefly in the urine. Some may be lost in perspiration, but this is not as important an avenue of loss as in the case of other 423
animals. A deficiency of salt is shown first by a great craving for it. A decline in thrift follows slowly, for under such conditions the excretion of salt almost ceases, and the small supply is retained as long as possible. There is listlessness, a loss of appetite, and a decline in weight. These symptoms are rapidly overcome with the restoration of salt to the diet. Calcium and phosphorus These two minerals are closely associated in nutrition. They are the most important mineral constituents of the body so far as quantity is concerned. Together they make up about 70 to 75 per cent of the total mineral matter of the animal body. About 99 per cent of the calcium and 80 per cent of the phosphorus is found in the bones and the teeth. They are very important in milk as they represent more than half of its mineral content. Hence, there is a strong need for calcium and phosphorus in the rations of pregnant ewes, of ewes giving milk, and of growing lambs. Mature animals that are not producing also need these minerals, for there are daily losses from the body which must be replaced. The supply of these minerals is adequate in various regions in the pastures and roughages, used by sheep. But there are some regions where the supply of calcium and phosphorus in soils has been depleted by long crop production without replenishment. Under these conditions there is a lowered efficiency, reduced production, and cases of serious injury or even death. The requirement of calcium is greater than that of phosphorus, but sheep are more likely to experience a lack of phosphorus than of calcium. This is because roughages make up a large part of the ration of sheep, and roughages contain more calcium than phosphorus. It is only through the use of roughages of very low grade grown on poor soils that a serious deficiency of calcium is apt to result. Inadequate amount of calcium results in weakened bones and lameness. Rickets or ‗‗bent leg,‘‘ is a condition usually known in sheep. This because to a lack of calcium being deposited. This may be more likely due to an accompanying lack of vitamin D necessary for the deposition of calcium. A lack of phosphorus is evident by symptoms similar in some respects to those due to calcium deficiency. There is stiffness and soreness of the joints, listlessness, lack of appetite or a deprived appetite accompanied attempts to eat bones or chew wood. Other sysntoms are reduced growth, loss of flesh, failure to breed regularly, and poor milk production. In certain cases the lack of milk at lambing may be due to lack of phosphorus. As phosphorus is a part of some of the proteins, deficiency will not develop if, protein-rich feeds are used. Feeding extra amounts of calcium and phosphorus normally in bones of greater strength and of denser structure, but there is very little effect on the outside diameter. The assimilation of calcium and phosphorus depends to some extent upon the relation between the two. A ratio of 2 to 1 is satisfactory. Iodine This is one of the minerals that may be deficient in rations in certain regions of the country. About half of the idodine of the body is found in the thyroid glands of the neck. This origin is very important in relation to health, growth and general development, and reproduction. Deficiency symptoms are seen by lambs having very little or no wool at birth and by slight to extreme enlargement of the thyroid gland. this condition is described by practical farmers as ‗big neck‘ or goiter. The mortality rate in such lambs is high. This can be controlled by the use of iodine supplement, such as iodized salt. Magnesium Magnesium is present in the bones, fluids and tissues of the body. It is rare that sheep experience a lack of this mineral, although, a few cases of ‗grass tetany‘ have been ascribed to it. Potassium This occurs largely in muscles. Apparently no deficiencies have been found, although some soils do not have an ample supply for large plant production. 424
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1. Introduction ANNEXURE - IX-C SHE
Page 3 and 4:
2. Classification, Origin and Domes
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Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka,
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different states it is estimated th
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Table 3.3 continued...... Country N
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een possible because of its substan
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(USA). The Rambouillet as purebreds
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ii) Marwari Deriving its name from
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Pradesh and Bihar, Bijapur, Gulbarg
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elatively tall with little hair exc
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4.2 Distribution of type breeds in
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Table 4.1 continued...... Region/Br
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Table 4.2 continued....... SI. Bree
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5. Genetics 5.1 Chromosome Profile
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esponsible for the formation of one
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the exercise these animals did not
Page 33 and 34:
For understanding the inheritance o
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with a dense growth of relatively l
Page 37 and 38: produced on rations which contain i
Page 39 and 40: The Coefficient of Variation The co
Page 41 and 42: 5.6.3 Wool Production/Wool yield an
Page 43 and 44: 6. Breeding 6.1 Components of Sheep
Page 45 and 46: elationships. Certain coat colors a
Page 47 and 48: Selection on this basis means that
Page 49 and 50: ii) Independent Culling Method In t
Page 51 and 52: eflected by increase in average fle
Page 53 and 54: at 75 or 8-4 monthly intervals comp
Page 55 and 56: Based on the crossbreeding results,
Page 57 and 58: Table 6.8 Means and standard errors
Page 59 and 60: month post-weaning individual feedl
Page 61 and 62: ams) in November, 1975 for evaluati
Page 63 and 64: een heavily fed and therefore may h
Page 65 and 66: need for one or more "teasers" to d
Page 67 and 68: ii) Consistency The normal consiste
Page 69 and 70: collection frequencies per day in 3
Page 71 and 72: iv) Altitude High altitude and poor
Page 73 and 74: containing diluents enriched with a
Page 75 and 76: 6. Nutrients Although spermatozoa u
Page 77 and 78: 7. 3.1 Puberty Puberty in the femal
Page 79 and 80: Estrogen in large quantities inhibi
Page 81 and 82: The udder becomes firm and enlarged
Page 83 and 84: 7. 3. 8 Interlambing interval It is
Page 85 and 86: 8. Nutrition 8.1 Components of Shee
Page 87: allied to the various amino acids o
Page 91 and 92: seem to have most significance in s
Page 93 and 94: Table 8.2 Chemical composition of g
Page 95 and 96: Table 8.3 Nutritive value of fodder
Page 97 and 98: Mineral and vitamin Requirement If
Page 99 and 100: Table 8.5 Total digestible nutrient
Page 101 and 102: Table 8.7 continued....... c) Lacta
Page 103 and 104: shirinking due to reclaimation of l
Page 105 and 106: Sorghum-Berseem-Maize Improved vari
Page 107 and 108: 9. Housing and Management 9.1 Syste
Page 109 and 110: ) Shearing, skirtng and primary cla
Page 111 and 112: The availability of pastures which
Page 113 and 114: fodder as green or hay, concentrate
Page 115 and 116: 9.2.2 Lambs Efforts should be made
Page 117 and 118: Mortality in young lambs and other
Page 119 and 120: land and they depend on the forest
Page 121 and 122: age and fed intensively till they a
Page 123 and 124: Overnight teasing and drafting ridd
Page 125 and 126: The secretion of milk takes place d
Page 127 and 128: with coarse and hairy breeds showed
Page 129 and 130: 11. Sheep Production System in Diff
Page 131 and 132: 12. Wool Production and quality 12.
Page 133 and 134: crosses with Dorset and Merinos, Pa
Page 135 and 136: 13. Meat Production 13.1 MeatProduc
Page 137 and 138: Table 13.1 Mutton (sheep) productio
Page 139 and 140:
14.4 Utilization of milk Sheep are
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one crushing mills and about 360 bo
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16. Sheep Records It is essential t
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17. Diseases and their Control Morb
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Atropin sulphate 2.0 mg/kg. body we
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contents by neutralization tests wi
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prophylactic, foot and mouth vaccin
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Sheep - AgRIS

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