Sheep - AgRIS
Sheep - AgRIS Sheep - AgRIS
weight. Hyperimmune serum is similarly effective. Vaccination of sheep with Haemorrhagic septicaomia adjuvant vaccine is recommended. The dose of the vaccine is 3 ml intramuscularly. The vaccine is expected to give protection against disease for a period of one year. A slight swelling may occur at the site of inoculation and a slight rise in temperature which may persist for 2-3 days. The animals should not be sent out for grazing for 2 to 3 days following vaccination. v) Paratuberculosis : (Jonhe’s Disease) Paratuberculosis is a chronic wasting disease,Characterised by progressive emaciation and a thickening and corrugation of the wall of the intestine. The morbidity rate is difficult to estimate because of uncertainty of dioagnosis but the animal mortality rate in infected flocks may be as high as 10 percent. The disease may cause severe economic embarrassment in infected flocks. The reclamation value of clinically affected animals is usually negligible because of severe emaciation. The causative organism is Mybacterium paratuberculosis, an acid fast organism. The progress of the disease is always slow. For this reason, it is most often observed in older animals. The incubation period may be as much as a year. Progressive loss of weight results in extreme emaciation, Lesions include thickining of intestinal mucosa, enlargement of lymph nodes. Diognosis is made on the isolation of organism. Infected sheep react to intradermal injection of Johnin which is useful as an aid in diagnosis of clinical shedders. A complement fixation test has also been used as a diagnostic tool. No treatment is successful Vaccine from iceland may be of great value. vi) Sheep Pox Sheep Pox is highly contagious. Although in most cases spread appears to occur by contact with infected animals and contaminated articles, spread by inhalation may also occur. It is characterised by development of vesicles and pustules on the skin and internal lesions. It is the most serious of all the pox diseases in animals, often causing death in 50% of affected animals. Major losses may occur in each new crop of lambs. The etiological agent is a filterable virus. The virus is quite resistant, having been known to remain viable for 2 years in sealed tubes. The incubation period is of 2 to 14 days. In lambs the malignant form is quite common. There is high rise of fever, eyelids are swollen, discharge from the eyes and nose. anorexia, by the second day eruption appears. There is a formation of papules with a depressed centre later vesicles develop and finally pustules. These may develop on the wooly and on non wooled areas. The pustules become dry with the course of time and fall off, excessive salivation occurs due the lesions in the mouth. There is a fluctuation in the temperature due to invasion of the pustules by secondary organisms. The course of the disease is 3 to 4 weeks, during which time the sheep become emaciated and may shed their wool. In fatal cases, death occurs in about 1 week after the first sysmtoms appear. In the malignant form pox lesions extend into mouth, pharynx, larynx and vagina. Lesions may also appear in the trachea with an accompanying Catarrh & Pneumonia. Lesions occassionally reach the abomasum and are accompained by a haemorrhagic enteritis. The disease can be diagnosed on the clinical picture and with immunodiffusion technique. Vaccination at the proper time is the best control. vii) Foot and Mouth disease It is an extremely contagious acute disease by a virus. It is characterised by the development of vesicles in the oral cavity and in the interdigital space. The mortality is usually low (3%). The economic loss is chiefly due to loss of condition of the affected animal. When the disease breaks out in susceptible animal, it spread very rapidly. There are seven immunologically distinct types of foot and mouth disease virus. Type O,A and C. widely distrubuted, and found in Europe and South America. Type S,A.T. 1, 2 and 3 are found only in Africa and Type Asia I is widely distributed in Asia. The disease is transmitted by contact with diseased animal. The incubation period is short and less than 24 hours. There is high rise of temperature with acute painful stomatitis. Affected sheep show only small lesions in the mouth but all four feet may be badly affected with severe lameness. The field diagnosis of disease in sheep is based on the presence of vesicular lesions on the mucosa of the mouth and on the skin of the interdigital area of the feet. The lesions are found in the mouth, pharynx, oesophagus and forestomach. Antibiotics are recommended to check the secondary infection. As a 485
prophylactic, foot and mouth vaccine is recommended. It is concentrated quadrivalent (Q,A,C, Asia I strain). It is inoculated subcutaneously-5 ml in sheep. viii) Contagious ecthyma It is a viral disease and characterised by the formation of papules and pustules and the piling up of thick crusts. It is caused by filterable virus. The virus gains enterance through unobserved wounds on lips. The incubation period is dependant on the amount of virus introduced. The lisions are mostly found on the commissure of the lips. The lesions are covered by the scabs. The course of the disease is one to four weeks. The scabs become dry and drop off and the tissues return to normal except in the most severe cases, where scars remain. The diagnosis is made on the basis of type of lesions where scars remain. Antibiotics are used to check the secondary invadors. Good results have been obtained by applying vaseline containing 3% phenol. ix) Blue Tongue It is an infectious but non-contagious exotic disease of sheep. It is characterised by hyperaemia and ulecrative inflammation of the mucous memberane of the mouth, nose and gastro-intestinal tract. Blue tongue has been considered as an important‖ emerging disease.‖ The causal agent of blue tongue is a filtrable virus. It is present in the blood and visceral organs of affected animals. Natural transmission takes place through insect vectors, viz. culicoides, Aedes and sheepked, Melophugus ovinus. The incubation period is less than a week. Rise in body temperature up to about 106 o F is the common initial symptom. The disease has its three clinical forms, viz. abortive, acute and sub-acute. The abortive form is mostly passed unnoticed. In the acute form there is fever lasting for five to six days with nasal discharge frothing and marked salivation. The nasal and oral mucosa are highly congested and may appear cynotic. Lips. gums, dental pad and tongue are often swollen and odematous. There may be excoriation of the epithelium of inner parts of lips, gums, cheeks and tip of tonuge. examination of mouth cavity may reveal necrotic ulcers, elongated and lenticular in shape. There is purplish discolouration of the skin of interdigital space and occasionally pasterns and coronets show swelling. Sheep is unable to stand or move. The subacute form has the similar sympotms but less severe. The morbidity rate may be 50 per cent or more. The mortality rate varies widely. It is diagnosed on the basis of clinical symptoms and lesions. Antibiotics can be used to check the secondary organisms. It can be prevented by enforcing certain prophylactic measures such as use of insecticidal large scale immunization and quarantine. x) Rinderpest Rinderpest is an acute, highly contagious disease of sheep and characterised by high fever and crosive lesions confind largely to the mucosa of the alimemtary tract. The disease occurs in plague form and is highly fatal. In India it has been endemic for centuries and still causes heavy losses. A number of report on rinderpest in sheep have been made from India. Many outbreaks of rinderpest in sheep in India between 1936 and 1950 with heavy mortality amounting to as much as 90% in some instances. There were 18,273 sheep affected with 14,084 deaths, a mortality of 77 per cent. It is caused by a filtrable virus. Chief spread is through the contact with diseased animal. The entrance is believed to take place through the digestive tract. There is high fever, depression, anorexia, with acelerated respiration, nasal discharge, coughing and congestion of conjectiva. Profuse diarrhoea develops, emaciation also develops rapidly. In fatal cases death occurs in from 3 to 9 days after the first appearance of symptoms. Lesions are present in the mucosa of the abomasum which is characteristically red and swollen and show multiple small submucosal heamorrhages. In addition to the erosions in the mouth, the pharyx and oesophagus are congested. Diagnosis is made on the basis of clinical history and post mortem findings. When outbreak occurs, all affected and in contact animals are vaccinated with goat adapted modified virus vaccine. No medicinal treatment. Serum-40-80 ml. S/C be given in the febrile stage. 486
- Page 99 and 100: Table 8.5 Total digestible nutrient
- Page 101 and 102: Table 8.7 continued....... c) Lacta
- Page 103 and 104: shirinking due to reclaimation of l
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- Page 113 and 114: fodder as green or hay, concentrate
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- Page 119 and 120: land and they depend on the forest
- Page 121 and 122: age and fed intensively till they a
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prophylactic, foot and mouth vaccine is recommended. It is concentrated quadrivalent (Q,A,C,<br />
Asia I strain). It is inoculated subcutaneously-5 ml in sheep.<br />
viii) Contagious ecthyma<br />
It is a viral disease and characterised by the formation of papules and pustules and the<br />
piling up of thick crusts. It is caused by filterable virus. The virus gains enterance through<br />
unobserved wounds on lips. The incubation period is dependant on the amount of virus<br />
introduced. The lisions are mostly found on the commissure of the lips. The lesions are<br />
covered by the scabs. The course of the disease is one to four weeks. The scabs become dry<br />
and drop off and the tissues return to normal except in the most severe cases, where scars<br />
remain. The diagnosis is made on the basis of type of lesions where scars remain. Antibiotics<br />
are used to check the secondary invadors. Good results have been obtained by applying<br />
vaseline containing 3% phenol.<br />
ix) Blue Tongue<br />
It is an infectious but non-contagious exotic disease of sheep. It is characterised by<br />
hyperaemia and ulecrative inflammation of the mucous memberane of the mouth, nose and<br />
gastro-intestinal tract. Blue tongue has been considered as an important‖ emerging disease.‖<br />
The causal agent of blue tongue is a filtrable virus. It is present in the blood and visceral<br />
organs of affected animals. Natural transmission takes place through insect vectors, viz.<br />
culicoides, Aedes and sheepked, Melophugus ovinus. The incubation period is less than a<br />
week. Rise in body temperature up to about 106 o F is the common initial symptom. The disease<br />
has its three clinical forms, viz. abortive, acute and sub-acute. The abortive form is mostly<br />
passed unnoticed. In the acute form there is fever lasting for five to six days with nasal<br />
discharge frothing and marked salivation. The nasal and oral mucosa are highly congested and<br />
may appear cynotic. Lips. gums, dental pad and tongue are often swollen and odematous.<br />
There may be excoriation of the epithelium of inner parts of lips, gums, cheeks and tip of<br />
tonuge. examination of mouth cavity may reveal necrotic ulcers, elongated and lenticular in<br />
shape. There is purplish discolouration of the skin of interdigital space and occasionally<br />
pasterns and coronets show swelling. <strong>Sheep</strong> is unable to stand or move. The subacute form has<br />
the similar sympotms but less severe. The morbidity rate may be 50 per cent or more. The<br />
mortality rate varies widely. It is diagnosed on the basis of clinical symptoms and lesions.<br />
Antibiotics can be used to check the secondary organisms. It can be prevented by enforcing<br />
certain prophylactic measures such as use of insecticidal large scale immunization and<br />
quarantine.<br />
x) Rinderpest<br />
Rinderpest is an acute, highly contagious disease of sheep and characterised by high fever<br />
and crosive lesions confind largely to the mucosa of the alimemtary tract. The disease occurs<br />
in plague form and is highly fatal. In India it has been endemic for centuries and still causes<br />
heavy losses. A number of report on rinderpest in sheep have been made from India. Many<br />
outbreaks of rinderpest in sheep in India between 1936 and 1950 with heavy mortality<br />
amounting to as much as 90% in some instances. There were 18,273 sheep affected with<br />
14,084 deaths, a mortality of 77 per cent. It is caused by a filtrable virus. Chief spread is<br />
through the contact with diseased animal. The entrance is believed to take place through the<br />
digestive tract. There is high fever, depression, anorexia, with acelerated respiration, nasal<br />
discharge, coughing and congestion of conjectiva. Profuse diarrhoea develops, emaciation also<br />
develops rapidly. In fatal cases death occurs in from 3 to 9 days after the first appearance of<br />
symptoms.<br />
Lesions are present in the mucosa of the abomasum which is characteristically red and swollen<br />
and show multiple small submucosal heamorrhages. In addition to the erosions in the mouth,<br />
the pharyx and oesophagus are congested. Diagnosis is made on the basis of clinical history<br />
and post mortem findings. When outbreak occurs, all affected and in contact animals are<br />
vaccinated with goat adapted modified virus vaccine. No medicinal treatment. Serum-40-80<br />
ml. S/C be given in the febrile stage.<br />
486
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