secondary cells with lithium anodes and immobilized fused_salt

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30. the course of the experiment Experiments were conducted at different reaction times and 4 gas samples were taken out during each experiment. A t the end of the reaction time, heating was stopped and the product was quenched rapidly by circulating water in the cooling coil immersed in it. It took 1 to 2 minutes to cool the product down to 250°C and 15 minutes to atmospheric temperature. The pressure was then re leased slowly and the autoclave opened. The prnr_luct was tr~nsf~rr~rl to a beakFr: filtered to remove the catalyst, and the water separated to get the total oil product, The mechanical losses were fouwl to be less than 1%- The yield of ' the product was tahefi as JO@% and 100 minus the tolume of the total oil product was taktn AS percent conversion to gas A few c.c of the total oil product were osed for sulfur and nitrogen analysis and thr remainder was washed with 10% sodium hydroxide and 20% sulphurlc acid to remove tar acid.- and bases respectively The neutral 011 was then distilled into 3 gasoline fraction boiling up to 20OoC a diesel nil fractiori boiling from 200° to 360°C and residue. The volume of Eath fractio? in c cy obtained from the total oiJ product was taLeii.as volum6 percent conversion to that particular fraction ---- Product ana 1 ~ s Sulfur was dt-termiiied bj the bomb method and nitrogen by the C-11-h chromatographic. an~lyzrr F M. Model 185- Tar. acids and bases were estimattd by cxtraction with 10% sodium hydroxide and 205 sulphur ic ac id respec ti vt Ly Hydrocarbon- type analysis was done by the Fluorescent. lnd irator Adsoprtion method (ASTM, D1319- 65") For the estimation of naphthenes and isoparaffins, the saturated hydrocarbon portion was first separated from the mixture by sulphonation with a mixture of 70% concentrated sulphuric acid and 30% phosphorus pe ntox ide (AZTM, D1019-62) The naphthenes were estimated by tlie refractivity intercept method (ASTM, D1840- 64). The h paraffin content was determined -by arlgorption over , 5-A molecular SIEYFS in a gla'ss column of OC'5-inch diameter and 7.5-foot length The isoparaffins were obtained by the difference. The diesel index was calc~~lated from API gravity and aniline point. The gas analysis was done by gas chromatography in the F M. Model 720 dual column programwd temperature gas chromatograph. - Results and Discussion - Product d istr ibu-. The yield of gasoline and gas and the iso-normal ratio in butanes increased with temperature whereas the diesel oil decreased while the rcsitlue remained almost the same (Figure 2). Tar acids and bases were removed completely along with most of t he sulfur and nitrogen at 45OoC and 1500 psi pressure (Table 11). Isomeriza- tion increases with cracking and the gas yield and iso-normal ratio in butanes are qualitative indications of the extent of cracking rezct:ons takicg place leading to the formation of gasoline. A
I I 'I 1 i 31. pressure of I j00 psi 1s suffic,ient to suppress coke.-form.ing reactions and the gasoline is former: mainly by the cracking of the diesel oil, there.by affe:cting the quantity and quality of the latter. The composit.inn of gasoline obtained at differlent temperatures remains almost the same and the aromatics of the gasoline are mainly for-med by .the .dea:lkylat.ion of alky:Lb&nzenes, hydro- , . cracking of Iiydr.o..aromatics, ,and hydrore-moval of sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen compounds. , The, gasoline .y'ie 16 increased at rliffere.nt rates with pr%ssure (Figure 3'). The rate qf gasoline formation was high in the pressure range 1000 to 1500 ps-I s:towing, tiown in the range 1500 to 2500 psi, and ,increasing again at 1)ighe.r pressur~s. The residue decreased rapidly in the range 1030 to 1500 psi but, the dec,rease was.smal1 at higher pr6.ssure.s 00 the i.ther hand, the gas yield aiid iso-normal ratio in butanes reaained artmost constant up to a pressure of l5OO psi a,nd increased at h.igher pressures (Figure 4). Pressure doe.s riot Iiave a marked influence on cracking reactions in the range 1000 to 1500 psi but the. increase in the yield of gasoline is due to the suppression of the coke.forming reactions. In the range 21700 to 2500 psi- partial hydrogenation of aromatics to hydro..aromat.ics takes place fo'L'1owc.d by the cracking of the latter which increases the yie Id of gasoliric' and the aromatic content (Figures 5 to 7). A t l?iglie:r pr~sslures complete hydr.ogenat.ion of aromatics to iiaphthe.nss tak.6.s place and increases the gasoline yield. The naphthews in the gasn'line increase with a correspond- ing decrease jii the arnmat its. Isnmeryization increases with pressure antl temper a ture . ll.igh~ arc?ma t ic gasolines were obtained in the pressure range 1750 to 2500 psi (Table 111) A maximum yield of 775 of gasoline was obtained at 500°C and 3000 psi pressure but the highest quality product containing 60% aromatics and 13% isoparaffins was formed at 450°C and 2000 psi pressure which can compare well with the premium grade gasohne from petroleum (Table IV). , - Kine tic: s Equilibrium was reached at different time periods at different temperatures wit11 rrspe.ct to gasoline formation but the conversion was 100"; ill the case. of su'lfur and nitrogen removal (Figures 8 to loj. The sulfur and nitrogen removal reactions are not governed by thermodynamic: limi tati.ons but are limited only by kinetic factors under. the experimental c-onditioils employerl. Plots of log versus time (Figures 71 to lj), where 'talt is the equilibrium conversio,n in c,ase o,f gasolinr: antl initial concentration in case of sulfur and riitrogen,. arc linear antl the hydrocracking reactions with respect to ,oasollne formation anti removal of sulfur and nitrogen are all first-prder . 'Plie f irst.;ordCr rate constants are thus represented by equatjorls 1 to 3.
Page 1 and 2: Introduction 1. SECONDARY CELLS WIT
Page 3 and 4: I time curves at constant current d
Page 5 and 6: I 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11
Page 7 and 8: 7. IV IV- Equivalent Weight, gr/ Eq
Page 9 and 10: 1 3 9 SOYO FILLER,HQT PRESS Fig. 4.
Page 11 and 12: 11. COAL PYROLYSIS USING LASER IRRA
Page 13 and 14: 13. Macerals. Macerals from a singl
Page 15 and 16: i 1 I Photochemistry. A fundamental
Page 17 and 18: t P li. al ’ i ._ m LL
Page 19 and 20: ' 19. PYROLYSIS OF COAL IN A MICROW
Page 21 and 22: I 21. In the third stage, the gas e
Page 23 and 24: .4 4 0 W 0 m .d m x .-( 0 x w M m s
Page 25 and 26: ' 25. CONCLUSIONS The principal rea
Page 28 and 29: ' .4 b s tract 28.
Page 32 and 33: d (Sulfur] dt m i trogenj dt 32. E
Page 34 and 35: 34. Table 1, Properties of Feed Mat
Page 36 and 37: 0 0 0 m 0 VI b N 0 c, VI N 0 v, N h
Page 38 and 39: - Literature Cited 38 1. Gordon, K
Page 40 and 41: 40 z - B 30 w 6 20 yl w U 10 40. 10
Page 42 and 43: Z 0 In 80 CK W > 6 60- 0 I- 40- Z W
Page 44 and 45: 44. 2.0 I 1.2 - 0 2 1.0- 0.8 i TIME
Page 46 and 47: - 2.81 1.NITROGEN 2. SULFUR 3. GASO
Page 48 and 49: 48. The oil from the separator is v
Page 50 and 51: . 50 . Table I . Properties of Pitc
Page 52 and 53: 52. Coke yield A - - - - 0 800 900
Page 54 and 55: FIGURE 8. 54. t 0.5 1 800 900 1,000
Page 56 and 57: Introduction 56. FLUORODINITROETUNO
Page 58 and 59: chloride extractant without other h
Page 60 and 61: 60. identified (Reference 7) as the
Page 62 and 63: 62. to FEFO -e quite high (80 to 85
Page 64 and 65: 64. RECENT CHEMISTRY OF THE OXYGEN
Page 66 and 67: polymers for the conventional fuel
Page 68 and 69: 68. In summary, two general methods
Page 70 and 71: 70. Table XI1 Differential Thermal
Page 72 and 73: vapor Pressure (psia) Figure 4. Vap
Page 74 and 75: C H -0-C-NHF, - 2 5 II 0 74. H 9304
Page 76 and 77: 76. The infrared spectrum is descri
Page 78 and 79: , 78. PREPARATION AND POLYMERIZATIO
Page 80 and 81:
. .- . - ..... . . I ,caving the re
Page 82 and 83:
If it ~ 3 ~ o~t 7 s Y'2t the therm1
Page 84 and 85:
Chlorine Fentafluaride T q D OC 252
Page 86 and 87:
, 86. Zeections of Cl30 and AsF5. M
Page 88 and 89:
aa . - The rrost difficult rctionel
Page 90 and 91:
90. DENSITY, VISCOSITY AND SURFACE
Page 92 and 93:
92. If it is assumed that the syste
Page 94 and 95:
94. After condensation of oxidizer
Page 96 and 97:
Stirring Solenoid LHe 7. Cryostat 9
Page 98 and 99:
Introduction 98. RFACTIONS OF OxYcm
Page 100 and 101:
, Acknowledgement 100. This work wa
Page 102 and 103:
102. volume and then by pumping to
Page 104 and 105:
104. The x-ray powder pattern (Tabl
Page 106 and 107:
Irredie tion Time, mi&) 106. Table
Page 108 and 109:
I. Introduction 108. RE7IIEw OF ADV
Page 110 and 111:
1.40 w F O/) 103-4O 'F 110. /H 0 21
Page 112 and 113:
!P, "c -- -2118.5 -195 -172 -16.1 .
Page 114 and 115:
114. weaker than those in NF02. The
Page 116 and 117:
Compound C102F ~ 1 , 0 ~ -146 ~ 116
Page 118 and 119:
118. fom such salts as cS+m8- have
Page 120 and 121:
120. DETONABILITY TESTING AT NONAMB
Page 122 and 123:
I 122. top) is closed with caps whi
Page 124 and 125:
124. five pieces of MDF, each 20.00
Page 126 and 127:
126. auxiliary equipment. For conve
Page 128 and 129:
128. reliability. Details of most o
Page 130 and 131:
130. The time required for the deto
Page 132 and 133:
132. Fig. 2 Typical Witness Plate
Page 134 and 135:
I ll 134. L, ALUMINUM 011+ ‘7 I-
Page 136:
W (3 3 a (3 W m 3 0 v) W E k- / W 3
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