secondary cells with lithium anodes and immobilized fused_salt

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' 19. PYROLYSIS OF COAL IN A MICROWAVE DISCHARGE* Yuan C. Fu and Bernard D. Blaustein Pittsburgh Coal Research Center, Bureau of Mines, U. S. Department of the Interior 4800 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 INTRODUCTION The nature of the thermal decomposition of coal differs greatly depending on the reaction temperature and the rate of heating. Recent investigations using various energy sources, e.g., plasma jets,l-3 laser beam,4,5 flash heating,6 arc-image reactors,7 etc., have shown that extremely rapid pyrolysis of coal produces high yields of acetylene. It has also been shown that high-volatile bituminous coal, when reacted in a microwave discharge in argon,8 is readily gasified to produce a significant yield of acetylene. The present study deals with the pyrolyses of coals of various ranks under the influence of a microwave discharge. The readiness of coal to give up a small part of its volatiles under the microwave irradiation permits the discharge to be sustained even when starting initially under a high vacuum. The relation- ship between the pressure increase during the discharge pyrolysis of coal and time shows that the principal reaction is a rapid gasification, which is induced by the active bombardment of the coal by energetic species present in the discharge. Studies of the gas composition at various stages of the discharge pyrolysis; of the effect of initial presence of Ar; and of the effect of cooling the gaseous products (as they are being formed); have all given further insight into the nature of the decomposition of coal which takes place in the microwave discharge. EXPERIMENTAL Experiments were carried out in a Vycor tube reactor attached to a vacuum system provided with a Pace Engineering pressure transducer. The transducer was connected to a Fisher recorder, so that the pressure increase due to the devolatilization of coal in a known volume could be recorded during its discharge pyrolysis. The discharge was produced by a Raytheon microwave generator (2450 MH,) coupled to an air-cooled Opthos coaxial cavity. The discharge was initiated by a Tesla coil either in a vacuum ( 4 argon (5-10 mm Hg), and the power level was maintained at 50 watts. The coal was located in the discharge zone. ~ l pressure-time l data were obtained from experiments using 10 mg of vitrain of coal in a 163 ml reactor. Chemical analyses and origins of the vitrains of different coals used are given in Table 1. All the vitrains were -200 mesh, and were degassed in a high vacuum at looo C prior to the experiment. The gaseous products were analyzed by mass spectrometry. . mm Hg) or in the initial presence of Tars and chars were pressed into KBr pellets for infrared analysis. Tars were also dissolved in benzene or ethanol for ultraviolet analysis. ~~ ~~ -~ * Vitrains of coals were used throughout this paper. \
Page 1 and 2: Introduction 1. SECONDARY CELLS WIT
Page 3 and 4: I time curves at constant current d
Page 5 and 6: I 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11
Page 7 and 8: 7. IV IV- Equivalent Weight, gr/ Eq
Page 9 and 10: 1 3 9 SOYO FILLER,HQT PRESS Fig. 4.
Page 11 and 12: 11. COAL PYROLYSIS USING LASER IRRA
Page 13 and 14: 13. Macerals. Macerals from a singl
Page 15 and 16: i 1 I Photochemistry. A fundamental
Page 17: t P li. al ’ i ._ m LL
Page 21 and 22: I 21. In the third stage, the gas e
Page 23 and 24: .4 4 0 W 0 m .d m x .-( 0 x w M m s
Page 25 and 26: ' 25. CONCLUSIONS The principal rea
Page 28 and 29: ' .4 b s tract 28.
Page 30 and 31: 30. the course of the experiment Ex
Page 32 and 33: d (Sulfur] dt m i trogenj dt 32. E
Page 34 and 35: 34. Table 1, Properties of Feed Mat
Page 36 and 37: 0 0 0 m 0 VI b N 0 c, VI N 0 v, N h
Page 38 and 39: - Literature Cited 38 1. Gordon, K
Page 40 and 41: 40 z - B 30 w 6 20 yl w U 10 40. 10
Page 42 and 43: Z 0 In 80 CK W > 6 60- 0 I- 40- Z W
Page 44 and 45: 44. 2.0 I 1.2 - 0 2 1.0- 0.8 i TIME
Page 46 and 47: - 2.81 1.NITROGEN 2. SULFUR 3. GASO
Page 48 and 49: 48. The oil from the separator is v
Page 50 and 51: . 50 . Table I . Properties of Pitc
Page 52 and 53: 52. Coke yield A - - - - 0 800 900
Page 54 and 55: FIGURE 8. 54. t 0.5 1 800 900 1,000
Page 56 and 57: Introduction 56. FLUORODINITROETUNO
Page 58 and 59: chloride extractant without other h
Page 60 and 61: 60. identified (Reference 7) as the
Page 62 and 63: 62. to FEFO -e quite high (80 to 85
Page 64 and 65: 64. RECENT CHEMISTRY OF THE OXYGEN
Page 66 and 67: polymers for the conventional fuel
Page 68 and 69:
68. In summary, two general methods
Page 70 and 71:
70. Table XI1 Differential Thermal
Page 72 and 73:
vapor Pressure (psia) Figure 4. Vap
Page 74 and 75:
C H -0-C-NHF, - 2 5 II 0 74. H 9304
Page 76 and 77:
76. The infrared spectrum is descri
Page 78 and 79:
, 78. PREPARATION AND POLYMERIZATIO
Page 80 and 81:
. .- . - ..... . . I ,caving the re
Page 82 and 83:
If it ~ 3 ~ o~t 7 s Y'2t the therm1
Page 84 and 85:
Chlorine Fentafluaride T q D OC 252
Page 86 and 87:
, 86. Zeections of Cl30 and AsF5. M
Page 88 and 89:
aa . - The rrost difficult rctionel
Page 90 and 91:
90. DENSITY, VISCOSITY AND SURFACE
Page 92 and 93:
92. If it is assumed that the syste
Page 94 and 95:
94. After condensation of oxidizer
Page 96 and 97:
Stirring Solenoid LHe 7. Cryostat 9
Page 98 and 99:
Introduction 98. RFACTIONS OF OxYcm
Page 100 and 101:
, Acknowledgement 100. This work wa
Page 102 and 103:
102. volume and then by pumping to
Page 104 and 105:
104. The x-ray powder pattern (Tabl
Page 106 and 107:
Irredie tion Time, mi&) 106. Table
Page 108 and 109:
I. Introduction 108. RE7IIEw OF ADV
Page 110 and 111:
1.40 w F O/) 103-4O 'F 110. /H 0 21
Page 112 and 113:
!P, "c -- -2118.5 -195 -172 -16.1 .
Page 114 and 115:
114. weaker than those in NF02. The
Page 116 and 117:
Compound C102F ~ 1 , 0 ~ -146 ~ 116
Page 118 and 119:
118. fom such salts as cS+m8- have
Page 120 and 121:
120. DETONABILITY TESTING AT NONAMB
Page 122 and 123:
I 122. top) is closed with caps whi
Page 124 and 125:
124. five pieces of MDF, each 20.00
Page 126 and 127:
126. auxiliary equipment. For conve
Page 128 and 129:
128. reliability. Details of most o
Page 130 and 131:
130. The time required for the deto
Page 132 and 133:
132. Fig. 2 Typical Witness Plate
Page 134 and 135:
I ll 134. L, ALUMINUM 011+ ‘7 I-
Page 136:
W (3 3 a (3 W m 3 0 v) W E k- / W 3
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secondary cells with lithium anodes and immobilized fused_salt

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