secondary cells with lithium anodes and immobilized fused_salt

More documents

Recommendations

Info

The neodymium laser can deliver a 28-joule pulse of 10,600 A light. Using precise focusing but no Q-switching the light intensity at the target is about 400 kw cm-2. The c02 laser has a continuous output of 10 watts at a wavelength of 106,000 A. Using a focused beam it can produce a flux of 0.2 kw cm-2. 14. Data from these three lasers, including several variations in the energy inten- sities of the ruby have been compared at approximately the same total energy output to determine if there are differences in product-gas quantity and distribution. The Cnz laser emits the least intense light beam because of its slow rate of emission. The ruby pulses were progressively increased in concentration due to focal variations. This can readily be measured on the coal targets. Craters in fhe coal irradiated by the defocused ruby laser beam had an average area of 1.3 cm2. All irradiations with neodymium were focused and the craters averaged 0.02 cm'. The best focused Cop-laser beam produced a crater with an area of 0.03 cm2. product-gas data are shown as functions of crater area (figure 2). Only the data from irradiations with the Cog laser were not consistent with the other data due to its slow heating and cooling rates. The more intense laser beams produced greater quantities of product gas and higher acetylene to methane ratios. In figure 3 crater area was replaced by light flux (kilowatts cm-*) and the C02-laser data could be included. Temperature. Since the same amount of energy was available in each of these tests the temperatures of the craters or of the gas generating sites should be related to energy concentration. An attempt was made to estimate these temperatures from the composition of the gas using'gas equilibria data. The chief interest is in the relationship between met ane, acetylene, and hydrogen. 4,000 K are shown in flgure 4.- 47 Equilibrium data to Gas analyses from various laser irradiations were introduced as shown in the sample calculation using data from irradiation with a neodymium laser. K = (PcZHZ)(PHZ)3 = (.00277)(.00987)3 .00444 (PCH4P (.000774)' log K = 2.351 Assuming the gases to be in equilibrium during their generation, figure 4 gives a temperature of 1,250' K. Temperatures were estimated for other laser irradiations where gas analyses were available (figure 5). Temperatures increase consistently with increase in energy concentration. Since acetylene was not detected in the gases from the CO2 laser a temperature estimate could not be made. ysis was available for product from a 900" C carbonization of coal and a comparison with equilibrium data indicated a temperature of 827' C, in reasonable agreement with the measured temperature. The , However, a gas anal- Variations in types of irradiation cause great changes in gas yield and selec- tivity. However, most of these changes in the product can be explained on the basis of heat concentration at the target. A greater heat concentration increases gas yield, increases the probable crater temperature,and increases the acetylene to methane ratio. Even data from the C02 laser fits into this pattern although the heat concentration is achieved by additional radiation time instead of laser power.
i 1 I Photochemistry. A fundamental question in the laser irradiation of coal is the Possible importance of the wavelength of the energy. 1's the laser simply a thermal energy source capable of raising coal to high temperatures or can the monochromatic energy stimulate specific chemical reactions in coal? The usual photochemical reactions take place with wavelengths of 2,000 A to 8,000 A. The lasers available for this coai study were: Ruby 6,943 A - visible spectrum Neodymium 10,600 A - infrared Carbon dioxide 106,000 A - infrared At this time it is impossible to measure the photochemical influence of the laser ,energy because duplicate craters have not been produced by different lasers and the temperature effect is much stronger than the photochemical effect. A first estimate is that the influence is small (compare ruby-focus and neodymium, figure 3) but per- haps using lower energy pulses differences can be detected. Another conclusion to be drawn from these data is the effectiveness of a con- centrated beam of laser light in promoting acetylene production in coal pyrolysis. This has been shown for both ruby and neodymium lasers and for coals of varying rank, maceral, and particle size. Due to coal volatility temperatures have been lower than expected. Higher coal temperatures could be predicted by irradiating pretreated coal in a pressurized system and should lead to gas co.mpositions even richer in acetylene. References 1. Berkowitz, J., and Chupka, W. A., J. Chem. Phys., 40, 2735 (1964). 2. Ergun, S., McCartney, J. T., Mentser, M., Econ. Geology, 54, 1068 (1959). 3. Karn, F. S., Friedel, R. A., and Sharkey, A. G. Jr., Carbon, 5, 25 (1967). 4. McBride, B. J., Heimel, S., Ehlers, J. G., and Gordon, S., NASA SP-3001, Office of Sci. and Tech. Information, Nat'l Aeronautics and Space Admin., Washington, D. C., 1963, 328 pp. , 5. Sharkey, A. G., Jr., Shultz, J. L., and Friedel, R. A., Bureau of Mines ' Report of Investigations 6868, 1966, 9 pp. 6. Shultz, J. L., and Sharkey, A. G. Jr., Carbon, 5, 57 (1967). 7. Verber, C. M., and Adelman, A. H., J. Applied Physics, 36, No. 5, 1522 (1965).
Page 1 and 2: Introduction 1. SECONDARY CELLS WIT
Page 3 and 4: I time curves at constant current d
Page 5 and 6: I 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11
Page 7 and 8: 7. IV IV- Equivalent Weight, gr/ Eq
Page 9 and 10: 1 3 9 SOYO FILLER,HQT PRESS Fig. 4.
Page 11 and 12: 11. COAL PYROLYSIS USING LASER IRRA
Page 13: 13. Macerals. Macerals from a singl
Page 17 and 18: t P li. al ’ i ._ m LL
Page 19 and 20: ' 19. PYROLYSIS OF COAL IN A MICROW
Page 21 and 22: I 21. In the third stage, the gas e
Page 23 and 24: .4 4 0 W 0 m .d m x .-( 0 x w M m s
Page 25 and 26: ' 25. CONCLUSIONS The principal rea
Page 28 and 29: ' .4 b s tract 28.
Page 30 and 31: 30. the course of the experiment Ex
Page 32 and 33: d (Sulfur] dt m i trogenj dt 32. E
Page 34 and 35: 34. Table 1, Properties of Feed Mat
Page 36 and 37: 0 0 0 m 0 VI b N 0 c, VI N 0 v, N h
Page 38 and 39: - Literature Cited 38 1. Gordon, K
Page 40 and 41: 40 z - B 30 w 6 20 yl w U 10 40. 10
Page 42 and 43: Z 0 In 80 CK W > 6 60- 0 I- 40- Z W
Page 44 and 45: 44. 2.0 I 1.2 - 0 2 1.0- 0.8 i TIME
Page 46 and 47: - 2.81 1.NITROGEN 2. SULFUR 3. GASO
Page 48 and 49: 48. The oil from the separator is v
Page 50 and 51: . 50 . Table I . Properties of Pitc
Page 52 and 53: 52. Coke yield A - - - - 0 800 900
Page 54 and 55: FIGURE 8. 54. t 0.5 1 800 900 1,000
Page 56 and 57: Introduction 56. FLUORODINITROETUNO
Page 58 and 59: chloride extractant without other h
Page 60 and 61: 60. identified (Reference 7) as the
Page 62 and 63: 62. to FEFO -e quite high (80 to 85
Page 64 and 65:
64. RECENT CHEMISTRY OF THE OXYGEN
Page 66 and 67:
polymers for the conventional fuel
Page 68 and 69:
68. In summary, two general methods
Page 70 and 71:
70. Table XI1 Differential Thermal
Page 72 and 73:
vapor Pressure (psia) Figure 4. Vap
Page 74 and 75:
C H -0-C-NHF, - 2 5 II 0 74. H 9304
Page 76 and 77:
76. The infrared spectrum is descri
Page 78 and 79:
, 78. PREPARATION AND POLYMERIZATIO
Page 80 and 81:
. .- . - ..... . . I ,caving the re
Page 82 and 83:
If it ~ 3 ~ o~t 7 s Y'2t the therm1
Page 84 and 85:
Chlorine Fentafluaride T q D OC 252
Page 86 and 87:
, 86. Zeections of Cl30 and AsF5. M
Page 88 and 89:
aa . - The rrost difficult rctionel
Page 90 and 91:
90. DENSITY, VISCOSITY AND SURFACE
Page 92 and 93:
92. If it is assumed that the syste
Page 94 and 95:
94. After condensation of oxidizer
Page 96 and 97:
Stirring Solenoid LHe 7. Cryostat 9
Page 98 and 99:
Introduction 98. RFACTIONS OF OxYcm
Page 100 and 101:
, Acknowledgement 100. This work wa
Page 102 and 103:
102. volume and then by pumping to
Page 104 and 105:
104. The x-ray powder pattern (Tabl
Page 106 and 107:
Irredie tion Time, mi&) 106. Table
Page 108 and 109:
I. Introduction 108. RE7IIEw OF ADV
Page 110 and 111:
1.40 w F O/) 103-4O 'F 110. /H 0 21
Page 112 and 113:
!P, "c -- -2118.5 -195 -172 -16.1 .
Page 114 and 115:
114. weaker than those in NF02. The
Page 116 and 117:
Compound C102F ~ 1 , 0 ~ -146 ~ 116
Page 118 and 119:
118. fom such salts as cS+m8- have
Page 120 and 121:
120. DETONABILITY TESTING AT NONAMB
Page 122 and 123:
I 122. top) is closed with caps whi
Page 124 and 125:
124. five pieces of MDF, each 20.00
Page 126 and 127:
126. auxiliary equipment. For conve
Page 128 and 129:
128. reliability. Details of most o
Page 130 and 131:
130. The time required for the deto
Page 132 and 133:
132. Fig. 2 Typical Witness Plate
Page 134 and 135:
I ll 134. L, ALUMINUM 011+ ‘7 I-
Page 136:
W (3 3 a (3 W m 3 0 v) W E k- / W 3
show all

secondary cells with lithium anodes and immobilized fused_salt

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?