secondary cells with lithium anodes and immobilized fused_salt

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126. auxiliary equipment. For convenience in repeating shots, the cups are attached to the transfer lines with quick-disconnect fittings. It is advisable to schedule a preliminary test with an inert material of very nearly the same physical properties as the test material, to check the reliability of the equipment and gain experience in operating the system. Also, materials of known detonation character- 1 istics should be tested for comparison. I men the assembled equipment has been checked, the test material supply tank is attached to the vacuum line and the transfer lines are evacuated up to the supply tank valve. Since most of the transfer lines are extremely small, several minutes may be required to pump the transfer system down to a desirable pressure (10 to 50 microns). This time can be employed to assemble the detonation train and D'Autriche witness plates (if used). The first explosive attached to the equipment is the D'Autriche witness plate and assembly, if used. The MDF probes leading from the cup must be carefully positioned and firmly held to obtain maximum separation, thus preventing "shorting" of the shock 'train between probes. With the witness plate and probe assembly firmly secured to the test stand, the booster, detonator, and Primacord are assembled and the booster is placed flat against the diaphragm on the cup. The entire assembly is held together on the stand with adhesive tape. If the shot is to be heated, noncombustible tapes should be used. The electrical leads to the instrument panels are installed and checked. If it is possible to pour the test liquid into the detonation cup (i.e., if the material is nontoxic and the shot is to be done above ambient conditions), no vacuum transfer equipment is used. This is the procedure with ethyl nitrate tested above ambient conditions. In this case one of the two side-arm tubes on the cups is closed with a quick- disconnect plug after the cup is filled. The liquid should not be allowed to wet the plug and quick-disconnect fittings when they are being closed, since this may cause premature detonation. The second tube arm of the cup serves as a lead to determine pressure in the system. With the shot assembled and the transfer system evacuated, the re- mote control valves are closed. Next, the coolant or bath liquid is placed around the cup. This should be done remotely, if possible. The valve on the sample tank is opened to allow the gas to flow to the re- mote control valves only. The remainder of the transfer operation is completed as outlined previously. Wen this is complete, as judged by one or a ll of the methods used to determine the liquid level in the cup, the supply tank is isolated from the shot by inert gas in the transfer lines and the shot is fired. , '< / p
0 \ B 3 , A. D'Autriche Method 127, IV. DETERMINATION OF THE DETONATION VELOCITY A failing (i.e., nonpropagating) detonation wave is detected by a decelerating wave velocity rather than by failure of the MDF. The strong shock from the tetryl booster usually initiates the MDF when the cup ', contains a nondetonating liquid. Positive results are reported when a constant velocity'wave front is established. The method does not readily detect transient changes in detonation phenomena but has the advantage that a record is obtained on the plate even when nondetonating material is tested in the cups. Appendix A outlines the procedure for determining detonation velocity from data obtained with plates. Reliability in calculating detonation velocity is believed to be approximately *lo% B. Continuous Wire Method This method, de'veloped for solid cast explosives, is adequately described in the literat~re.~ The cup and booster charge described replace the solid explosive. This method has the advantage of producing a continuous record of shock disturbances in the test liquid but does not produce a record when the material does not detonate. V. TEST RESULTS The procedure presented in this paper should yield results both reliably and safely. Each component and step has been evaluated by the authors in frequent tests with NaF4, os&, or QlkONQ. The procedure was then used to determine the detonability of these three compounds as liquids. The results for &Fa, published elsewhere,' established the nondetonability of this liquid rhich is stable only below - 100'K. b.p. 200'K, was tested from 195 K to 213'K (- lo3 torr). Several tests &F4, / were run with the continuous wire method; all gave typical negative results. The one test run with the explosive witness showed the shock velocity decaying from an initial value of - 2.8 mm/Fsec to a final value of - 1.5 mm/Psec. Again, this is characteristic of a nonpropagating shock. To evaluate the test at the other environmental extremes a hot liquid, ethyl nitrate (CQ~ONQJ), was used at high pressure. Although Some difficulty was encountered because of the tendency of the liquid to detonate spontaneously above its boiling point, four successful con-. tinuous wire tests were conducted from 9 f to 114'C and up to 175 psig. Each indicated, .again with typical records, that the liquid is detonable. Although these were the only shots conducted with the exact procedure defined by this paper, many were run under conditions only slightly different ; generally these affected safety and simplicity rather than /
Page 1 and 2:
Introduction 1. SECONDARY CELLS WIT
Page 3 and 4:
I time curves at constant current d
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I 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11
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7. IV IV- Equivalent Weight, gr/ Eq
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1 3 9 SOYO FILLER,HQT PRESS Fig. 4.
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11. COAL PYROLYSIS USING LASER IRRA
Page 13 and 14:
13. Macerals. Macerals from a singl
Page 15 and 16:
i 1 I Photochemistry. A fundamental
Page 17 and 18:
t P li. al ’ i ._ m LL
Page 19 and 20:
' 19. PYROLYSIS OF COAL IN A MICROW
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I 21. In the third stage, the gas e
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.4 4 0 W 0 m .d m x .-( 0 x w M m s
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' 25. CONCLUSIONS The principal rea
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' .4 b s tract 28.
Page 30 and 31:
30. the course of the experiment Ex
Page 32 and 33:
d (Sulfur] dt m i trogenj dt 32. E
Page 34 and 35:
34. Table 1, Properties of Feed Mat
Page 36 and 37:
0 0 0 m 0 VI b N 0 c, VI N 0 v, N h
Page 38 and 39:
- Literature Cited 38 1. Gordon, K
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40 z - B 30 w 6 20 yl w U 10 40. 10
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Z 0 In 80 CK W > 6 60- 0 I- 40- Z W
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44. 2.0 I 1.2 - 0 2 1.0- 0.8 i TIME
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- 2.81 1.NITROGEN 2. SULFUR 3. GASO
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48. The oil from the separator is v
Page 50 and 51:
. 50 . Table I . Properties of Pitc
Page 52 and 53:
52. Coke yield A - - - - 0 800 900
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FIGURE 8. 54. t 0.5 1 800 900 1,000
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Introduction 56. FLUORODINITROETUNO
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chloride extractant without other h
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60. identified (Reference 7) as the
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62. to FEFO -e quite high (80 to 85
Page 64 and 65:
64. RECENT CHEMISTRY OF THE OXYGEN
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polymers for the conventional fuel
Page 68 and 69:
68. In summary, two general methods
Page 70 and 71:
70. Table XI1 Differential Thermal
Page 72 and 73:
vapor Pressure (psia) Figure 4. Vap
Page 74 and 75:
C H -0-C-NHF, - 2 5 II 0 74. H 9304
Page 76 and 77: 76. The infrared spectrum is descri
Page 78 and 79: , 78. PREPARATION AND POLYMERIZATIO
Page 80 and 81: . .- . - ..... . . I ,caving the re
Page 82 and 83: If it ~ 3 ~ o~t 7 s Y'2t the therm1
Page 84 and 85: Chlorine Fentafluaride T q D OC 252
Page 86 and 87: , 86. Zeections of Cl30 and AsF5. M
Page 88 and 89: aa . - The rrost difficult rctionel
Page 90 and 91: 90. DENSITY, VISCOSITY AND SURFACE
Page 92 and 93: 92. If it is assumed that the syste
Page 94 and 95: 94. After condensation of oxidizer
Page 96 and 97: Stirring Solenoid LHe 7. Cryostat 9
Page 98 and 99: Introduction 98. RFACTIONS OF OxYcm
Page 100 and 101: , Acknowledgement 100. This work wa
Page 102 and 103: 102. volume and then by pumping to
Page 104 and 105: 104. The x-ray powder pattern (Tabl
Page 106 and 107: Irredie tion Time, mi&) 106. Table
Page 108 and 109: I. Introduction 108. RE7IIEw OF ADV
Page 110 and 111: 1.40 w F O/) 103-4O 'F 110. /H 0 21
Page 112 and 113: !P, "c -- -2118.5 -195 -172 -16.1 .
Page 114 and 115: 114. weaker than those in NF02. The
Page 116 and 117: Compound C102F ~ 1 , 0 ~ -146 ~ 116
Page 118 and 119: 118. fom such salts as cS+m8- have
Page 120 and 121: 120. DETONABILITY TESTING AT NONAMB
Page 122 and 123: I 122. top) is closed with caps whi
Page 124 and 125: 124. five pieces of MDF, each 20.00
Page 128 and 129: 128. reliability. Details of most o
Page 130 and 131: 130. The time required for the deto
Page 132 and 133: 132. Fig. 2 Typical Witness Plate
Page 134 and 135: I ll 134. L, ALUMINUM 011+ ‘7 I-
Page 136: W (3 3 a (3 W m 3 0 v) W E k- / W 3
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