secondary cells with lithium anodes and immobilized fused_salt

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120. DETONABILITY TESTING AT NONAMBIENT TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES A. B. Amster, J. Neff, D. B. Moore, and R. W. McLeod Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California I ABSTRACT The generally adopted method for measuring the susceptibility of sensitive liquids to shock is described by the Chemical Propellant Information Agency in the publication "Liquid Propellant Test Methods."' Therecommended test is limited to use under ambient conditions of temperature and pressure and relies only upon the damage to a witness plate as the criterion for detonability. This report discusses modifications to the test procedure which retain Sam le size and geometry but permit B studies over the ranges of 7'K to 373 K at 1 atm to 10 atm. This broader applicability reduces the value of witness plates--always somewhat dubious. Therefore two other methods have been evaluated, both of which measure detonation velocity: one is electronic, and the other utilizes an explosive witness. The revised test satisfies the requirements for an extended range sensitivity test for use with high energy liquids. I. INTRODUCTION High energy liquids are often exposed to conditions, such as extremes of temperature and pressure, which may change their susceptibility to shock initiation. Moreover, many high energy materials are condensed only under such extreme conditions. There exists a need for a detona- , tion sensitivity test applicable to these situations. This report describes equipment and outlines procedures to adapt the current JANAF test' for use under the following conditions: 7'K < T < 373'K j 1 a tm and rrhaps the simpler) I/ technique is an adaptation of D'Autriche's method. In this method, shown schematically in Fig. 1, the detonation velocity of the unknown sample in the test cup is compared with that of an explosive sheet of .
i i R 121. known detonation velocity on the witness plate. The tetryl booster initiates the mild detonating fuze (MDF) which in turn initiates the explosive sheet at the "start" position. This detonation propagates farther 'along each f,in+r 'of the explosive sheet. The other end of each finger of the explosive sheet is initiated via the detonation probes by the stro/ng wave traveling through the test cup. The detonation waves that collide within the fingers of the sheet explosive create dents in the witness plate that are deeper than those left by a unidirectional wave. The result of a typical shot is shown in Fig. 2. From the' position of the dents and the properties of the system, the wave velocity within the sample can be calculated (see Appendix A). Although a strong wave from the tetryl booster traveling through the liquid or the cup may initiate the probes, detonation is detected by a .constant velocity. The second method utilizes a resistance wire in the detonation cup and a constant current power supply to provide a continuous detonation velocity record on an oscilloscope. This method is considerably more precise. It requires a modest amount of electronic equipment and con- siderable skill on the part, of the user. The equipment and operating procedures are adequately described .elsewhere3 for solid explosives; modifications for adaptation to liquid testing under the conditions described above are included in this report. Details of either method will vary with the properties (e.g., toxi- city, vapor pressure, etc.) of the compound tested. In the following paragraphs, procedures employed with two compounds (NzF4 a t low temperatures and GkONO;! at elevated temperatures) are described; other materials may require changes in design and in operational procedures. Before ,attempting to determine the detonability of high energy materials it is important that persons who lack experience with exploL sives be thoroughly educated in the safe handling of explosives. Ref- ' erence 1 lists many of the standard references for explosive handling. It is i,mperative that heated or cryogenic pressurized systems be con- sidered as less predictable than systems at ambient conditions until detonat1on.parameters are firmly established. Remote handling should be the rule because, even though the test liquid may not be extremely sensitive, sensitization of the booster and explosive train may occur. High energy oxidizers may also ignite the explosive train and cause prema ture detonations. A . cup 11. TEST EQUIPMENT The liquid under test is held in a cylindrical metal cup closed at one end with a metal dlaphragm soldered in place; the other end (the
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Introduction 1. SECONDARY CELLS WIT
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I time curves at constant current d
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I 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11
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7. IV IV- Equivalent Weight, gr/ Eq
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1 3 9 SOYO FILLER,HQT PRESS Fig. 4.
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11. COAL PYROLYSIS USING LASER IRRA
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13. Macerals. Macerals from a singl
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i 1 I Photochemistry. A fundamental
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t P li. al ’ i ._ m LL
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' 19. PYROLYSIS OF COAL IN A MICROW
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I 21. In the third stage, the gas e
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.4 4 0 W 0 m .d m x .-( 0 x w M m s
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' 25. CONCLUSIONS The principal rea
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' .4 b s tract 28.
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30. the course of the experiment Ex
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d (Sulfur] dt m i trogenj dt 32. E
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34. Table 1, Properties of Feed Mat
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0 0 0 m 0 VI b N 0 c, VI N 0 v, N h
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- Literature Cited 38 1. Gordon, K
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40 z - B 30 w 6 20 yl w U 10 40. 10
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Z 0 In 80 CK W > 6 60- 0 I- 40- Z W
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44. 2.0 I 1.2 - 0 2 1.0- 0.8 i TIME
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- 2.81 1.NITROGEN 2. SULFUR 3. GASO
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48. The oil from the separator is v
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. 50 . Table I . Properties of Pitc
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52. Coke yield A - - - - 0 800 900
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FIGURE 8. 54. t 0.5 1 800 900 1,000
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Introduction 56. FLUORODINITROETUNO
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chloride extractant without other h
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60. identified (Reference 7) as the
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62. to FEFO -e quite high (80 to 85
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64. RECENT CHEMISTRY OF THE OXYGEN
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polymers for the conventional fuel
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68. In summary, two general methods
Page 70 and 71: 70. Table XI1 Differential Thermal
Page 72 and 73: vapor Pressure (psia) Figure 4. Vap
Page 74 and 75: C H -0-C-NHF, - 2 5 II 0 74. H 9304
Page 76 and 77: 76. The infrared spectrum is descri
Page 78 and 79: , 78. PREPARATION AND POLYMERIZATIO
Page 80 and 81: . .- . - ..... . . I ,caving the re
Page 82 and 83: If it ~ 3 ~ o~t 7 s Y'2t the therm1
Page 84 and 85: Chlorine Fentafluaride T q D OC 252
Page 86 and 87: , 86. Zeections of Cl30 and AsF5. M
Page 88 and 89: aa . - The rrost difficult rctionel
Page 90 and 91: 90. DENSITY, VISCOSITY AND SURFACE
Page 92 and 93: 92. If it is assumed that the syste
Page 94 and 95: 94. After condensation of oxidizer
Page 96 and 97: Stirring Solenoid LHe 7. Cryostat 9
Page 98 and 99: Introduction 98. RFACTIONS OF OxYcm
Page 100 and 101: , Acknowledgement 100. This work wa
Page 102 and 103: 102. volume and then by pumping to
Page 104 and 105: 104. The x-ray powder pattern (Tabl
Page 106 and 107: Irredie tion Time, mi&) 106. Table
Page 108 and 109: I. Introduction 108. RE7IIEw OF ADV
Page 110 and 111: 1.40 w F O/) 103-4O 'F 110. /H 0 21
Page 112 and 113: !P, "c -- -2118.5 -195 -172 -16.1 .
Page 114 and 115: 114. weaker than those in NF02. The
Page 116 and 117: Compound C102F ~ 1 , 0 ~ -146 ~ 116
Page 118 and 119: 118. fom such salts as cS+m8- have
Page 122 and 123: I 122. top) is closed with caps whi
Page 124 and 125: 124. five pieces of MDF, each 20.00
Page 126 and 127: 126. auxiliary equipment. For conve
Page 128 and 129: 128. reliability. Details of most o
Page 130 and 131: 130. The time required for the deto
Page 132 and 133: 132. Fig. 2 Typical Witness Plate
Page 134 and 135: I ll 134. L, ALUMINUM 011+ ‘7 I-
Page 136: W (3 3 a (3 W m 3 0 v) W E k- / W 3
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