secondary cells with lithium anodes and immobilized fused_salt

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10. SPECIFIC ENERGY , watt-hr/lb Fig. 6. Specific power-specific energy curves for some secondary batteries , \ /I
11. COAL PYROLYSIS USING LASER IRRADIATION F. S. Karn, R. A. Friedel, and A. G. Sharkey, Jr. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines Pittsburgh Coal Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this investigation is to observe the effect of laser irradiation on the pyrolysis of coal. Coal irradiated with laser light can decompose into gases rich in acetylene. Coal pyrolysis at the usual coking temperatures , yields gases high in methane but very low in acetylene. The acetylene/methane ratio and the probable comercial value of the product gas should be related directly to the temperature of the decomposing coal. Conventional coal pyrolysis varies in temperature from 450" to 1,400"C and includes hundreds of different processes and coals. A typical high-temperature pyrolysis gas was obtained from a Pittsburgh seam (hvab) coal carbonized at 900" C.51 Fifteen percent of the coal (40.7 percent volatile matter) was collected as gas (table 1). Laser irradiation can bring about significant changes in the C,H,/CH4 ratio by increasing pyrolysis temperature. The equilibrium constant for the reaction increases from at 1,000" K to lo+' at 4,000" K. Temperatures resulting from laser irradiation could be very high. The energy concentration due to a 6-joule focused beam from a ruby laser is sufficient to raise the temperature of a perfect absorber by 14,000' C. This estimate is based on the laser energy and on the heat capactty of the target. However, much of the laser energy is dissipated by reflection, conduction, and vaporization. In these experiments with coal the maximum target temperature was estimated to be less than 1,300" K--largely due to coal volatility. Interesting observations of tar et temperatures of laser-irradiated solids have been reported. Berkowitz and Chupkal .? analyzed the vapor ejected from graphite and found it compatible with an assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium and a temperature of 4,000' K. Verber and Adelman,'/ using tantalum as a target, measured thermionic emission due to a surface temperature increase which was calculated from classical heat transfer theory. In the following experiments temperatures have not been measured directly due to the small size of the coal crater and to the rapid heating and cooling of the sample. EXPERPIENTAL A variety of coals and coal macerals have been exposed to laser irradiation. Using a focused beam, energy concentrations as high as 100 megawatts per square centimeter can be reached. The general procedure has been to seal the coal sample in a glass vessel through which the laser beam'can be fired. The vessel was evacuated or evacuated and partially refilled with a specific gas before irradiation. Samples, usually about 8 mm cubes, were sealed in glass tubes 10 mm i.d. and 90 mm long.k/ Samples were dried under vacuum at 100" C for 20 hours, then sealed and irradiated. The usual irradiation was 1 pulse of a 6-joule ruby laser beam which was focused by a convex lens. Gaseous products were analyzed by the mass spectraneter in two or more fractions distilling from liquid nitrogen, dry ice, ice water, room temperature, and 60" C baths. Both total volume and gas distribution were determined for each fraction. Solid products were obtained from the glass walls for ultimate analysis or for inspection by infrared spectrometry.
Page 1 and 2: Introduction 1. SECONDARY CELLS WIT
Page 3 and 4: I time curves at constant current d
Page 5 and 6: I 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11
Page 7 and 8: 7. IV IV- Equivalent Weight, gr/ Eq
Page 9: 1 3 9 SOYO FILLER,HQT PRESS Fig. 4.
Page 13 and 14: 13. Macerals. Macerals from a singl
Page 15 and 16: i 1 I Photochemistry. A fundamental
Page 17 and 18: t P li. al ’ i ._ m LL
Page 19 and 20: ' 19. PYROLYSIS OF COAL IN A MICROW
Page 21 and 22: I 21. In the third stage, the gas e
Page 23 and 24: .4 4 0 W 0 m .d m x .-( 0 x w M m s
Page 25 and 26: ' 25. CONCLUSIONS The principal rea
Page 28 and 29: ' .4 b s tract 28.
Page 30 and 31: 30. the course of the experiment Ex
Page 32 and 33: d (Sulfur] dt m i trogenj dt 32. E
Page 34 and 35: 34. Table 1, Properties of Feed Mat
Page 36 and 37: 0 0 0 m 0 VI b N 0 c, VI N 0 v, N h
Page 38 and 39: - Literature Cited 38 1. Gordon, K
Page 40 and 41: 40 z - B 30 w 6 20 yl w U 10 40. 10
Page 42 and 43: Z 0 In 80 CK W > 6 60- 0 I- 40- Z W
Page 44 and 45: 44. 2.0 I 1.2 - 0 2 1.0- 0.8 i TIME
Page 46 and 47: - 2.81 1.NITROGEN 2. SULFUR 3. GASO
Page 48 and 49: 48. The oil from the separator is v
Page 50 and 51: . 50 . Table I . Properties of Pitc
Page 52 and 53: 52. Coke yield A - - - - 0 800 900
Page 54 and 55: FIGURE 8. 54. t 0.5 1 800 900 1,000
Page 56 and 57: Introduction 56. FLUORODINITROETUNO
Page 58 and 59: chloride extractant without other h
Page 60 and 61:
60. identified (Reference 7) as the
Page 62 and 63:
62. to FEFO -e quite high (80 to 85
Page 64 and 65:
64. RECENT CHEMISTRY OF THE OXYGEN
Page 66 and 67:
polymers for the conventional fuel
Page 68 and 69:
68. In summary, two general methods
Page 70 and 71:
70. Table XI1 Differential Thermal
Page 72 and 73:
vapor Pressure (psia) Figure 4. Vap
Page 74 and 75:
C H -0-C-NHF, - 2 5 II 0 74. H 9304
Page 76 and 77:
76. The infrared spectrum is descri
Page 78 and 79:
, 78. PREPARATION AND POLYMERIZATIO
Page 80 and 81:
. .- . - ..... . . I ,caving the re
Page 82 and 83:
If it ~ 3 ~ o~t 7 s Y'2t the therm1
Page 84 and 85:
Chlorine Fentafluaride T q D OC 252
Page 86 and 87:
, 86. Zeections of Cl30 and AsF5. M
Page 88 and 89:
aa . - The rrost difficult rctionel
Page 90 and 91:
90. DENSITY, VISCOSITY AND SURFACE
Page 92 and 93:
92. If it is assumed that the syste
Page 94 and 95:
94. After condensation of oxidizer
Page 96 and 97:
Stirring Solenoid LHe 7. Cryostat 9
Page 98 and 99:
Introduction 98. RFACTIONS OF OxYcm
Page 100 and 101:
, Acknowledgement 100. This work wa
Page 102 and 103:
102. volume and then by pumping to
Page 104 and 105:
104. The x-ray powder pattern (Tabl
Page 106 and 107:
Irredie tion Time, mi&) 106. Table
Page 108 and 109:
I. Introduction 108. RE7IIEw OF ADV
Page 110 and 111:
1.40 w F O/) 103-4O 'F 110. /H 0 21
Page 112 and 113:
!P, "c -- -2118.5 -195 -172 -16.1 .
Page 114 and 115:
114. weaker than those in NF02. The
Page 116 and 117:
Compound C102F ~ 1 , 0 ~ -146 ~ 116
Page 118 and 119:
118. fom such salts as cS+m8- have
Page 120 and 121:
120. DETONABILITY TESTING AT NONAMB
Page 122 and 123:
I 122. top) is closed with caps whi
Page 124 and 125:
124. five pieces of MDF, each 20.00
Page 126 and 127:
126. auxiliary equipment. For conve
Page 128 and 129:
128. reliability. Details of most o
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130. The time required for the deto
Page 132 and 133:
132. Fig. 2 Typical Witness Plate
Page 134 and 135:
I ll 134. L, ALUMINUM 011+ ‘7 I-
Page 136:
W (3 3 a (3 W m 3 0 v) W E k- / W 3
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secondary cells with lithium anodes and immobilized fused_salt

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