A review of dipterocarps - Center for International Forestry Research

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Seedling Ecology of Mixed-Dipterocarp Forest Figure 1. Regeneration recruitment frequency and stand canopy dominance of ecological species groups over different successional stages of stand development for a mixed dipterocarp forest. Examples of species are given for each ecological group along with codes denoting their structural position within the stand over time. Note the periodic recruitment of seedings for tree species belonging to the late-successional canopy dominants. (modified after Ashton 1992a). PHASES OF STAND DEVELOPMENT BUILDING MATURE GAP Disturbance Approximate point of canopy closure Approximate peak in canopy exclusion Initiation of groundstory Canopy break-up PIONEERS OF GAP PHASE (Macaranga, Trema) PIONEERS OF BUILDING PHASE (Albizia, Alstonia) LATE-SUCCESSIONAL DOMINANTS (Dipterocarpus, Dryobalanops, Shorea) LATE-SUCCESSIONAL NON-DOMINANTS (Durio, Ficus, Mangifera) LATE-SUCCESSIONAL SUBCANOPY (Calophyllum, Garcinia) LATE-SUCCESSIONAL UNDERSTORY (Gaertnera, Psychotria) EARLY SUCCESSIONAL MID-SUCCESSIONAL LATE SUCCESSIONAL Juveniles recruited under canopy light conditions and considered as advanced regeneration (seedlings, seedling sprouts, root and stem suckers). The breadth of the bar represents amount of regeneration relative to other ecological species groups. Juveniles recruited under open conditions of full sun (buried seed, seed dispersed by wind or animals into opening after disturbance). 91 Stand canopy dominance. The breadth of the bar represents the degree of dominance in relation to other ecological species groups.
Seedling Ecology of Mixed-Dipterocarp Forest (Nicholson 1960, Ng 1978). However, it was shade house investigations (Mori 1980, Sasaki and Mori 1981, Ashton and de Zoysa 1989) that clearly demonstrated that most dipterocarp seedlings require greater amounts of radiation than that received at the groundstorey of a closed canopy dipterocarp forest, but less than the amount of radiation received when exposed to full sun. Field research on disturbance regimes of mixeddipterocarp forest supports evidence from shade house experiments and studies of seedling population dynamics in the forest. Natural disturbances documented in mixeddipterocarp forest are varied but most are of a kind and scale that promote the survival and release of an existing seedling groundstorey. Disturbance types include lightning strikes (Bruenig 1964), insect defoliation of canopy trees (Anderson 1964), single and multiple tree falls (Anderson 1964), and cyclones (Whitmore 1974, 1989). All allow the groundstorey vegetation to remain largely unharmed. Disturbances in mixed-dipterocarp forest that have been observed to destroy groundstorey vegetation include landslides, flooding and fire (Day 1980, Leighton and Wirawan 1986, Tagawa and Wirawan 1988). This might be one reason why dipterocarp regeneration does not establish well in parts of a forest landscape subject to lethal disturbance of the groundstorey such as steep slopes, flood plains and swidden agriculture. Current investigations focus on refining our understanding of the regeneration microenvironment of tree species in mixed-dipterocarp forest. Compared to other tree species of mixed-dipterocarp forest, dipterocarps have some general autecological characteristics that allow for their categorisation in the same regeneration guild (Table 1). Although dipterocarps have the same general autecology there are also differences among them, however, these differences are small compared to other regeneration groupings. Important questions are: what degrees of difference exist and why do they occur among species belonging to the same congeneric group. The answers are particularly relevant to understanding dipterocarp dominance in mixed-dipterocarp forests and will provide the silvical information for the fundamental treatments imposed on these forests for management purposes. One such topic that merits attention is the site specialisation of dipterocarp regeneration. How site specific is advanced regeneration of dipterocarp species? Recent field studies demonstrate that forest gaps of different size exhibit considerable spatial (Ashton 1992a, 92 Table 1. Silvical characteristics of canopy tree species belonging to genera assemblages (e.g. Shorea) that dominate the mature phase of mixed-dipterocarp forest. These characteristics should be interpreted broadly as exceptions will exist (Ashton 1992b). Reproduction • Pollination vectors are small insects (hymenoptera, hemiptera) • Seed is with storage tissue • Seed is dispersed by gravity (often aided by territorial animals such as rodents) • Fruiting time is more or less supra-annual with distinctly different amounts of seed at each fruiting (masting) • Seed shows no classical dormancy Establishment and Growth • Seed requires partial shade protection for germination and early survival • Seedlings require an increase in light (as compared to understorey conditions) for satisfactory establishment and growth • Seedling survival and establishment is usually site specific, according to particular biotic, microclimatic and edaphic characteristics Brown 1993) and temporal (Raich 1989, Torquebiau 1988) variation in forest groundstorey microclimate. Changes in size of small canopy openings can greatly influence the overall amount of radiation received at the groundstorey of the opening centre (Brown 1993). However, larger canopy openings provide a greater range of microclimates at the groundstorey of the opening (Ashton 1992a). Studies that monitored pre-established seedlings and new recruits (Raich and Christensen 1989, Brown and Whitmore 1992) showed that there were significant differences among dipterocarp species in survival and growth at these different microsites. Studies by Ashton et al. (1995) that controlled age and spacing of dipterocarp seedlings supported these findings. However, investigations by Turner (1990a, b), who monitored pre-established seedlings, suggested mixed results of dipterocarp seedling survival and growth in relation to light availability at the scale of the microsite. Studies are now investigating the competitive relationship between species for regeneration growing space through the monitoring of long-term self-thinning trials located on different sites and within different
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A Review of Dipterocarps Taxonomy,
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ã 1998 by Center for International
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Authors S. Appanah Forest Research
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SPINs Species Improvement Network T
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Foreword The Center for Internation
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Introduction As a consequence, much
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Introduction each project that is m
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Biogeography and Evolutionary Syste
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Page 47 and 48: Biogeography and Evolutionary Syste
Page 55 and 56: Conservation of Genetic Resources i
Page 65 and 66: Seed Physiology P.B. Tompsett Seed
Page 67 and 68: Seed Physiology 59 (Sasaki 1980, Ya
Page 69 and 70: Seed Physiology 61 § orthodox; and
Page 71 and 72: Seed Physiology 63 Table 4. Lowest-
Page 73 and 74: Seed Physiology 65 Table 5. (contin
Page 75 and 76: Seed Physiology 67 Table 6. Viabili
Page 77 and 78: Seed Physiology 69 Dipterocarp seed
Page 79 and 80: Seed Physiology 71 Roberts, E.H. 19
Page 81 and 82: Seed Handling 74 viability of the s
Page 83 and 84: Seed Handling 76 the basic activiti
Page 85 and 86: Seed Handling 78 Table 2. Seed (fru
Page 87 and 88: Seed Handling 80 Table 3. Mean inse
Page 89 and 90: Seed Handling 82 Seedling storage u
Page 91 and 92: Seed Handling 84 air will ensure ra
Page 93 and 94: Seed Handling 86 ASEAN Forest Tree
Page 95 and 96: Seed Handling 88 Tompsett, P.B. and
Page 97: Seedling Ecology of Mixed-Dipteroca
Page 101 and 102: Seedling Ecology of Mixed-Dipteroca
Page 107 and 108: Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Table
Page 109 and 110: Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Table
Page 111 and 112: Root Symbiosis and Nutrition specie
Page 113 and 114: Root Symbiosis and Nutrition in Sab
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Page 117 and 118: Root Symbiosis and Nutrition 5. Lim
Page 119 and 120: Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Group
Page 121 and 122: Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Takaha
Page 123 and 124: Pests and Diseases of Dipterocarpac
Page 139 and 140: Management of Natural Forests S. Ap
Page 141 and 142: Management of Natural Forests about
Page 143 and 144: Management of Natural Forests 4. Cl
Page 145 and 146: Management of Natural Forests were
Page 147 and 148: Management of Natural Forests incre
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Management of Natural Forests 1. He
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Management of Natural Forests which
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Management of Natural Forests Cheng
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Management of Natural Forests Uebel
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Plantations 152 macrocarpa, V. indi
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Plantations 154 are: Dipterocarpus
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Plantations 156 and no longer in ne
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Plantations 158 able to store them
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Plantations 160 ‘Predictive Test
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Plantations 162 Qureshi et al. (196
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Plantations 164 Tomboc and Basada (
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Plantations 166 are removed. Anothe
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Plantations 168 intervention. Sange
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Plantations 170 mono-layered. The r
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Plantations 172 diameter of 46.3 m
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Plantations 174 Ang, L.H., Maruyama
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Plantations 176 Cheah, L.C. 1971. A
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Plantations 178 Kadambi, K. 1957. B
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Plantations 180 Moura-Costa, P. 199
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Plantations 182 Regional Workshop o
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Plantations 184 Conference on Dipte
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Non-Timber Forest Products from Dip
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Scientific Index BIXALES, 25 BOLETA
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Scientific Index EPHEMEROPTERA, 119
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Scientific Index Ovalis section, 8,
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Scientific Index Shorea leptoderma,
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Scientific Index VATERINAE sub-trib
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General Index barus kapur, 192-3 ba
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General Index endangered species, i
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General Index distribution, 15 enda
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General Index nurse crops, 161, 165
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General Index seed material, cryopr
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General Index TPI, 139 tractors, 15
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A review of dipterocarps - Center for International Forestry Research

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