A review of dipterocarps - Center for International Forestry Research

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Seed Handling 77 drops down small branches bearing the seeds. The limitations of this method are: a) a suitable smaller proximal tree (or group of trees) is required; b) it is very strenuous and time consuming which limits the number of trees that can be worked on per day; and c) it is dangerous. 5. Methods of climbing using equipment With the following three methods climbing gear is used to gain access to the canopy making the overall procedures much safer. a) Tree bicycle Trees can be climbed without causing serious damage to the tree trunk. The equipment consists of two unequally long bearing pieces with rests for the feet. Flexible steel bands are positioned around the tree trunk at the far end of the bearing pieces,. By a bicycling motion the tree climber ascends the tree moving the steel bands upwards parallel to the tree axis. During this procedure the climber wears a security belt with ropes fastened around the tree. The equipment offers a comfortable and safe basis for standing during working in the crown. This method is not suitable, however, for trees that have branches on the bole. Also, use is limited to those trees having a girth that can be easily encircled by the fastening ropes. b) Climbing using spurs With this method the climber uses a pair of spurs fastened under his shoes in addition to the security belt and fastening ropes which were mentioned above for the bicycle method. The climber uses the spurs by pricking its spikes into the tree bark to secure a foothold for every upward movement. The holes made by the climbing spurs are vulnerable to fungal, viral and bacterial attack, a problem which is aggravated if trees are often climbed in this way. It is thus advisable that, if this method is employed, an interval of at least a year should be allowed before a further collection is made; healing of the damaged parts on the trunk can then occur. As is the case for the tree bicycle method, the circumference must not be too large. c) ‘Roping up’ method In this method a line is shot up into the crown over two or more strong branches. The climbing rope is then drawn up over the branches and, on return to ground level, the free end is fastened at the base of the trunk. The climber then uses the rope to pull himself up using a shoemore. This method can be used whatever the girth of the trunk and does not damage the tree. A combination of elements from different methods may be necessary; for example, it may be desirable to combine the laying-nets as in Method 2 with the shaking element of Method 3. Seed Transportation The length of time between collection of moist dipterocarp seed and its arrival at the seed centre is crucial in determining viability. Transport should be carefully planned to minimise delay; staff in the nursery or seed store should be advised of the schedule so that seed can be handled immediately on receipt. Methods for transport of OLDA seeds collected in the dry condition are given in the summary at the end of the chapter. The following points are relevant in relation to the transport of moist dipterocarp seeds. Ventilation and Moisture Content Moist dipterocarp seeds respire intensively and so require good ventilation. If large quantities are closely packed, the seeds become anaerobic, physiological breakdown takes place, fungal growth takes hold and overheating occurs; these changes accelerate deterioration of the seed. Recalcitrant-seeded species will deteriorate rapidly if their moisture content is reduced significantly; ventilation must be provided, but without drying the seed. If plastic bags are used to contain the seeds, their tops should either be left open and folded over or they should be tied and small holes made in their sides. Hessian or jute bags with a loose weave are also suitable for transport. Desiccation is more likely to occur if transport is in open vehicles; air movement may accelerate the process. Temperature Temperatures below 16 o C or above 32 o C should be strictly avoided for moist, recalcitrant seeds. Good ventilation reduces heat build-up from respiration. Seeds should be shaded from direct sunlight at all times during transport. Long Journeys Efforts must be made to dispatch the seeds to their destination within two days of collection. If seeds begin
Seed Handling 78 Table 2. Seed (fruit) weight and size indicators at harvest (Tompsett and Kemp 1996a, b). Species Mean seeds per kilo Mean length (mm) Mean width (mm) Shorea pinanga 30 59 32 Shorea macrophylla 33 n/a n/a Dipterocarpus grandiflorus 50 58 38 Shorea amplexicaulis 64 46 26 Dipterocarpus kunstleri 80 55 43 Dipterocarpus humeratus 90 35 29 Dipterocarpus obtusifolius 90 20 19 Dryobalanops keithii 100 n/a n/a Dipterocarpus cornutus 110 29 28 Dipterocarpus caudatus ssp. penangianus 120 26 23 Dipterocarpus zeylanicus 120 36 23 Dryobalanops lanceolata 120 26 23 Shorea palembanica 140 n/a n/a Shorea beccariana 160 36 24 Shorea fallax 160 n/a n/a Stemonoporus canaliculatus 160 n/a n/a Dipterocarpus turbinatus 170 30 20 Parashorea tomentella 180 30 20 Dipterocarpus chartaceus 200 28 22 Shorea smithiana 200 29 17 Anisoptera megistocarpa 220 27 20 Dipterocarpus tuberculatus 230 27 23 Shorea almon 270 n/a n/a Dipterocarpus alatus 360 38 30 Shorea ferruginea 440 26 13 Parashorea malaanonan 540 15 14 Shorea robusta 588 n/a n/a Shorea trapezifolia 670 16 9 Shorea siamensis 680 26 16 Dipterocarpus tuberculatus var. grandifolius 690 n/a n/a Dipterocarpus costatus 760 n/a n/a Dipterocarpus gracilis 790 15 13 Shorea ovalis 790 17 11 Shorea gibbosa 930 n/a n/a Parashorea smythiesii 940 17 11 Shorea argentifolia 1100 n/a n/a Shorea macroptera 1100 19 10 Shorea roxburghii 1195 16 8 Anisoptera costata 1200 11 11 Dipterocarpus intricatus x tuberculatus 1200 24 17 Shorea congestiflora 1300 19 8 Shorea parvifolia 1300 17 10 Shorea selanica 1300 n/a n/a
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A Review of Dipterocarps Taxonomy,
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ã 1998 by Center for International
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Authors S. Appanah Forest Research
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SPINs Species Improvement Network T
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Foreword The Center for Internation
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Introduction As a consequence, much
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Introduction each project that is m
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Biogeography and Evolutionary Syste
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Page 33 and 34: Biogeography and Evolutionary Syste
Page 55 and 56: Conservation of Genetic Resources i
Page 65 and 66: Seed Physiology P.B. Tompsett Seed
Page 67 and 68: Seed Physiology 59 (Sasaki 1980, Ya
Page 69 and 70: Seed Physiology 61 § orthodox; and
Page 71 and 72: Seed Physiology 63 Table 4. Lowest-
Page 73 and 74: Seed Physiology 65 Table 5. (contin
Page 75 and 76: Seed Physiology 67 Table 6. Viabili
Page 77 and 78: Seed Physiology 69 Dipterocarp seed
Page 79 and 80: Seed Physiology 71 Roberts, E.H. 19
Page 81 and 82: Seed Handling 74 viability of the s
Page 83: Seed Handling 76 the basic activiti
Page 87 and 88: Seed Handling 80 Table 3. Mean inse
Page 89 and 90: Seed Handling 82 Seedling storage u
Page 91 and 92: Seed Handling 84 air will ensure ra
Page 93 and 94: Seed Handling 86 ASEAN Forest Tree
Page 95 and 96: Seed Handling 88 Tompsett, P.B. and
Page 97 and 98: Seedling Ecology of Mixed-Dipteroca
Page 107 and 108: Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Table
Page 109 and 110: Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Table
Page 111 and 112: Root Symbiosis and Nutrition specie
Page 113 and 114: Root Symbiosis and Nutrition in Sab
Page 115 and 116: Root Symbiosis and Nutrition where
Page 117 and 118: Root Symbiosis and Nutrition 5. Lim
Page 119 and 120: Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Group
Page 121 and 122: Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Takaha
Page 123 and 124: Pests and Diseases of Dipterocarpac
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Pests and Diseases of Dipterocarpac
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Pests and Diseases of Dipterocarpac
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Management of Natural Forests S. Ap
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Management of Natural Forests about
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Management of Natural Forests 4. Cl
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Management of Natural Forests were
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Management of Natural Forests incre
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Management of Natural Forests 1. He
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Management of Natural Forests which
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Management of Natural Forests Cheng
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Management of Natural Forests Uebel
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Plantations 152 macrocarpa, V. indi
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Plantations 154 are: Dipterocarpus
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Plantations 156 and no longer in ne
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Plantations 158 able to store them
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Plantations 160 ‘Predictive Test
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Plantations 162 Qureshi et al. (196
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Plantations 164 Tomboc and Basada (
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Plantations 166 are removed. Anothe
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Plantations 168 intervention. Sange
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Plantations 170 mono-layered. The r
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Plantations 172 diameter of 46.3 m
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Plantations 174 Ang, L.H., Maruyama
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Plantations 176 Cheah, L.C. 1971. A
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Plantations 178 Kadambi, K. 1957. B
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Plantations 180 Moura-Costa, P. 199
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Plantations 182 Regional Workshop o
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Plantations 184 Conference on Dipte
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Non-Timber Forest Products from Dip
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Scientific Index BIXALES, 25 BOLETA
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Scientific Index EPHEMEROPTERA, 119
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Scientific Index Ovalis section, 8,
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Scientific Index Shorea leptoderma,
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Scientific Index VATERINAE sub-trib
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General Index barus kapur, 192-3 ba
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General Index endangered species, i
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General Index distribution, 15 enda
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General Index nurse crops, 161, 165
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General Index seed material, cryopr
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General Index TPI, 139 tractors, 15
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A review of dipterocarps - Center for International Forestry Research

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