A review of dipterocarps - Center for International Forestry Research

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Conservation of Genetic Resources in the dipterocarpaceae 55 Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. f. in primary and secondary forests in Brunei, Borneo, Southeast Asia. Plant Species Biology 9: 37-41. Maruyama, T. 1970. On the rate of decrease of heterogenity in circular stepping stone models of populations. Theoretical Population Biology 1: 101- 119. Momose, K., Nagamitsu, T. and Inoue, T. 1994. Reproductive ecology of an emergent tree, Dryobalanops lanceolata, Dipterocarpaceae, in a non-general flowering period in Sarawak. In: Inoue,T. and Hamid, A.A. (eds.) Plant reproductive systems and animal seosanol dynamics: Long term study of dipterocarp forests in Sarawak. Canopy Biology Programme in Sarawak, Series I. Kyoto University, Japan. Murawski, D.A. and Bawa, K.S. 1994. Genetic structure and mating system of Stemonoporus oblongifolius (Dipterocarpaceae) in Sri Lanka. American Journal of Botany 81: 155-160. Murawski, D.A., Dayanandan, B. and Bawa, K.S. 1994a. Outcrossing rates of two endemic Shorea sp. from Sri Lankan tropical rain forests. Biotropica 26: 23- 29. Murawski, D.A., Gunatilleke, I.A.U.N. and Bawa, K.S. 1994b. The effect of selective logging on mating patterns of Shorea megistophylla (Dipteracarpacea) from Sri Lanka. Conservation Biology 8: 997-1002. Murawski, D.L. and Hamrick, J.L. 1990. Mating systems of two Bombacaceous trees of a neotropical moist forest. Oecologia 82: 501-506. Murawski, D.L. and Hamrick, J.L. 1991. The effect of the density of flowering individuals on the mating systems of nine tropical tree species. Heredity 67:167-174. Seavey, S.R. and Bawa, K.S. 1983. Late-acting selfincompatability in Angiosperms. The Botanical Review 52: 195-219. Slatkin, M. and Maruyama, T. 1975. The influence of gene flow on genetic distance. American Naturalist 109: 597-601. Stebbins, G. L., Jr. 1950. Variation and evolution in plants. Columbia University Press, New York. Symington, C.F. (1943). Foresters’ manual of dipterocarps. Malayan Forest Record no.16. Penerbit Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. (Reprint 1973). Tixier, P. 1960. Données cytologiques sur quelques Guttiférales récoltées au Laos. Revue Cytolologique Biologique vég. 29: 65-70. Tsai, L. M. and Yuan, Ct. T. 1995. A practical approach to conservation of genetic diversity in Malyasia: genetic resource area. In: Boyle, T. J. B. and Boontawee, B. (eds.) Measuring and monitoring biodiversity in tropical and temperate forests, 207-217. CIFOR, Jakarta. Wickneswari, R. and Norwati, M. 1994. Genetic variation in polyembryos of Hopea odorata Roxb. In: Koh, C.L. (ed.) Proceedings of the 1st National Congress on Genetics, 76-78. Genetics Society of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. Wickneswari, R., Zawawi, I., Lee, S.L. and Norwati, M. 1994. Genetic diversity of remnant and planted populations of Hopea odorata Roxb. in Peninsular Malaysia. Proceedings International Workshop, BIO REFOR, Kangar, Malaysia. Wickneswari, R., Norwati, M., Tsumura, Y., Kawahara, T., Yoshimaru, H. andYoshimura, K. 1996. Genetic diversity of tropical tree species: genetic variation of Hopea species (Dipterocarpaceae) using RAPD markers. Meeting on Global Environmental Research Project on Tropical Forest Ecosystem Project, National Institute of Environmental Sciences, Tsukaba, Japan. Wright, S. 1931. Evolution in Mendelian populations. Genetics 16: 97-159.
Seed Physiology P.B. Tompsett Seed is the natural vehicle for gene movement and storage. It is the usual form in which germplasm is collected. When procedures can be devised to transport and retain material in this form, many of the technical problems associated with other methods can be avoided. This advantage renders seed especially appropriate for users in tropical and subtropical countries. In general, seed is the most common form of propagation for afforestation and is the form in which breeding stock is usually retained. There are, however, considerable problems remaining in the use of seed. Some of these are discussed below for dipterocarp species in relation to the underlying seed physiology processes. Much pioneering work on agricultural crop seed physiology was conducted over the last 20 years (see below for some references) and the principles discovered often apply to seed of woody species. These earlier results have been translated into technological principles. Thus, manuals have been published on the design of seed storage facilities (Cromarty et al. 1982), seed management techniques (Ellis et al. 1984) and a handbook on seed technology for genebanks (Ellis et al. 1985). Knowledge of seed physiology has thus improved practical handling and management of crop seeds. Compared to crop species, relatively little research has been published on tropical and subtropical tree seed technology and physiology. Publications have been produced following IUFRO Seed Problems Group meetings, the most recent of which was held in Tanzania (Olsen 1996). Another source of information is a summary of some relevant seed physiology projects which has recently been published in database form (Tompsett and Kemp 1996a, b). Also, a seed compendium has been published which supplies succinct entries on many tropical trees (Hong et al. 1996). A considerable amount of empirical work on the storage of forest tree seed has been carried out; a sampling is given in Chapter 4. A more physiological research approach is relatively new. Many tree species have seed that is desiccation-sensitive (‘recalcitrant’), Chapter 3 so that moisture physiology is especially important for this group. However, in a recent review article on water in relation to seed storage, the section on desiccationsensitive seeds comprised only 4% of the article (Roberts and Ellis 1989). More attention is, however, now being given to recalcitrant seeds (see, for example, Berjak and Pammenter 1996). Framework of the Review Germination is basic to all aspects of seed studies; work on germination physiology, especially in relation to temperature, is thus considered first. Another important experimental consideration is the physiological condition of the seed at the time of harvest, moisture content being the single most important factor; this is considered next in the review. Thirdly, the effect of desiccation is discussed; knowledge of this factor enables seed to be classed as orthodox (tolerant) or recalcitrant (intolerant). Finally, the effects of seed storage are considered. The Review Germination In general, dipterocarp seeds germinate quickly under moist, warm conditions. Early germination studies took the form of nursery assessments leading to ecological conclusions. A major study of this type, in which 56 dipterocarp species were assessed for germination rate and final germination, is that of Ng (1980); no conclusions can be made concerning temperature effects. Conditions were more closely controlled in experiments on Shorea roxburghii, S. robusta and S. almon by Tompsett (1985); results showed optimum germination in the range 26-31°C for these three species. Corbineau and Come (1986) found that final germination reached nearly 100% for both Hopea odorata and S. roxburghii over a broad range of temperatures, but 30-35°C was deemed optimal because germination rates were faster. More recently, a standard
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A Review of Dipterocarps Taxonomy,
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ã 1998 by Center for International
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Authors S. Appanah Forest Research
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SPINs Species Improvement Network T
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Foreword The Center for Internation
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Introduction As a consequence, much
Page 13 and 14: Introduction each project that is m
Page 15 and 16: Biogeography and Evolutionary Syste
Page 55 and 56: Conservation of Genetic Resources i
Page 63: Conservation of Genetic Resources i
Page 67 and 68: Seed Physiology 59 (Sasaki 1980, Ya
Page 69 and 70: Seed Physiology 61 § orthodox; and
Page 71 and 72: Seed Physiology 63 Table 4. Lowest-
Page 73 and 74: Seed Physiology 65 Table 5. (contin
Page 75 and 76: Seed Physiology 67 Table 6. Viabili
Page 77 and 78: Seed Physiology 69 Dipterocarp seed
Page 79 and 80: Seed Physiology 71 Roberts, E.H. 19
Page 81 and 82: Seed Handling 74 viability of the s
Page 83 and 84: Seed Handling 76 the basic activiti
Page 85 and 86: Seed Handling 78 Table 2. Seed (fru
Page 87 and 88: Seed Handling 80 Table 3. Mean inse
Page 89 and 90: Seed Handling 82 Seedling storage u
Page 91 and 92: Seed Handling 84 air will ensure ra
Page 93 and 94: Seed Handling 86 ASEAN Forest Tree
Page 95 and 96: Seed Handling 88 Tompsett, P.B. and
Page 97 and 98: Seedling Ecology of Mixed-Dipteroca
Page 107 and 108: Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Table
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Page 111 and 112: Root Symbiosis and Nutrition specie
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition where
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition 5. Lim
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Group
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Takaha
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Pests and Diseases of Dipterocarpac
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Management of Natural Forests S. Ap
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Management of Natural Forests about
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Management of Natural Forests 4. Cl
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Management of Natural Forests were
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Management of Natural Forests incre
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Management of Natural Forests 1. He
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Management of Natural Forests which
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Management of Natural Forests Cheng
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Management of Natural Forests Uebel
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Plantations 152 macrocarpa, V. indi
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Plantations 154 are: Dipterocarpus
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Plantations 156 and no longer in ne
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Plantations 158 able to store them
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Plantations 160 ‘Predictive Test
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Plantations 162 Qureshi et al. (196
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Plantations 164 Tomboc and Basada (
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Plantations 166 are removed. Anothe
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Plantations 168 intervention. Sange
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Plantations 170 mono-layered. The r
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Plantations 172 diameter of 46.3 m
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Plantations 174 Ang, L.H., Maruyama
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Plantations 176 Cheah, L.C. 1971. A
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Plantations 178 Kadambi, K. 1957. B
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Plantations 180 Moura-Costa, P. 199
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Plantations 182 Regional Workshop o
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Plantations 184 Conference on Dipte
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Non-Timber Forest Products from Dip
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Scientific Index BIXALES, 25 BOLETA
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Scientific Index EPHEMEROPTERA, 119
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Scientific Index Ovalis section, 8,
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Scientific Index Shorea leptoderma,
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Scientific Index VATERINAE sub-trib
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General Index barus kapur, 192-3 ba
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General Index endangered species, i
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General Index distribution, 15 enda
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General Index nurse crops, 161, 165
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General Index seed material, cryopr
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General Index TPI, 139 tractors, 15
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