A review of dipterocarps - Center for International Forestry Research

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Conservation of Genetic Resources in the dipterocarpaceae 53 range may often show more genetic variation than peripheral populations due to a higher rate of gene exchange in central populations. Fourth, the effect of genetic diversity and inbreeding on population viability should be an area of utmost concern. Are reduced levels of genetic diversity and outcrossing associated with a decline in fitness? Decrease in fitness may be manifested as reduction in fruit and seed set, seedling vigour and overall recruitment and regeneration. It is thus critical to link genetic studies and demographic studies. Comparative studies of gene flow in fragmented and contiguous forests, described earlier, should incorporate comparative studies of the effects of genetic variation and inbreeding on reproductive output and regeneration. Mass flowering in dipterocarps also offers opportunities to gain insights into the relationship between genetic diversity and population recruitment. Sporadic flowering in off years may reduce the effective population size, increase inbreeding and mortality of seeds due to predation and lead to a disproportionately low level of recruitment. Comparative genetic and demographic studies during mass and sporadic off year flowering can provide useful information about possible effects of reduction in population size. Fifth, many species of dipterocarps display intraspecific variation in chromosome number and apomixis. However, the frequency of chromosomal variants or apomixis within or among populations is not documented. There are now molecular tools to rapidly assay populations for the incidence of chromosomal variation, apomixis and hybridisation. Site-specific Research The rates of deforestation vary widely among the regions. Species diversity of dipterocarps is also not uniform throughout South and Southeast Asia. Thus, from a geographical perspective, high priority should be accorded to regions that are undergoing rapid deforestation and those that have very high species richness. The Philippines, Sri Lanka and the Western Ghats of south India have been converted into other forms of land uses at a high rate during the last fifty years. These areas have certainly lost unique populations and perhaps species of dipterocarps. In such areas, there is an immediate need to assess the conservation status of various taxa building on P. Ashton’s earlier review. Sri Lanka particularly deserves serious consideration because of the high degree of endemism: 6 out of 7 genera and 45 out of 46 species of dipterocarps are endemic to the country. The greatest species diversity in the family is found in northwest Borneo. However, much of the cytology and genetic research cited in this paper has been conducted on species from Peninsular Malaysia and Sri Lanka. Data from genetics and population biology of the taxa that occur in northwest Borneo should provide useful insights into mechanisms regulating differentiation within and among species. Institutional Capability and Constraints P.S. Ashton , J. Liu, P. Hall and their associates (Harvard University), S. Appanah, H. Chan, and others (Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)) have played a key role in advancing our knowledge of the systematics, biogeography, and ecology of the family. Research in systematics and ecology is being continued at Harvard University. At FRIM the scope of research in genetic resources has been recently enlarged to include such areas as molecular evolution and population genetics. In Sri Lanka, N. Gunatilleke and S. Gunatilleke at the University of Peradeniya have a major research programme on conservation biology of dipterocarps. This programme includes research on population biology and population genetics. N. Gunatilleke and S. Gunatilleke have collaborated with P. Ashton (Harvard University), K. Bawa and D. Murawski (University of Massachusetts, Boston). Another major centre of research on population biology and genetics of dipterocarps is the Kyoto University. T. Inoue, K. Momose and R. Terauchi are involved in detailed studies of phenology, pollination biology and genetics of dipterocarp species in Sarawak. The work is a part of a major programme on canopy research in dipterocarp forests. S. Dayanandan and R. Primack (Boston University) are working in collaboration with P. Ashton on a diverse range of issues in dipterocarp biology, from molecular biology to population dynamics. Recently, the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) and International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) have initiated a project on population genetics, specifically on the effects of forest fragmentation, logging and non-logging disturbance on genetic diversity of some dipterocarps. This programme
Conservation of Genetic Resources in the dipterocarpaceae 54 involves a number of institutions in India, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. Apart from insufficient funding, the major factor constraining progress has been the lack of a coordinated programme with clear objectives and predetermined priorities. With the establishment of institutions such as CIFOR and IPGRI, it should be possible to undertake a cohesive research programme with well defined goals. Acknowledgements I thank Peter Ashton (Harvard Institute for International Development), Tim Boyle (Center for International Forestry Research), S. Dayanandan (University of Alberta), and S. Appanah (Forest Research Institute Malaysia) for their comments. This work is supported in part by Center for International Forestry Research and in part by grants from the U.S. National Science Foundation, Pew Charitable Trusts, and the MacArthur Foundation. References Appanah, S. and Chan, H.T. 1981. Thrips: the pollinators of some dipterocarps. Malaysian Forester 44: 234- 252. Ashton, P.S. 1969. Speciation among tropical forest trees: some deductions in the light of recent evidence. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society 1: 155-196. Ashton, P.S. 1982. Dipterocarpaceae. Flora Malesiana, Series I, 9: 237-552. Ashton, P.S. 1988. Dipterocarp biology as a window to the understanding of tropical forest structure. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 19: 347-370. Bawa, K.S. l974. Breeding systems of tree species of a lowland tropical community. Evolution 28: 85-92. Bawa, K.S. l979. Breeding systems of trees in a tropical lowland wet forest. New Zealand Journal of Botany (Special Issue) l7: 52l-524. Bawa, K.S. 1990. Plant pollinator interactions in tropical rain forests. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 21: 399-422. Bawa, K.S. 1993. Effects of deforestation and forest fragmentation on genetic diversity in tropical tree populations. In: Genetic conservation and production of tropical forest seed, 10-16. ASEAN- Canada Forest Tree Seed Centre, Chiang Mai, Thailand. Chan, H. T. 1981. Reproductive biology of some Malaysian dipterocarps. III. Breeding systems. Malaysian Forester 44: 28-36. Chan, H.T. and Appanah, S. 1980. Reproductive biology of some Malaysian dipterocarps. Malaysian Forester 43: 132-143. Dayanandan, S., Attygalla, D.N.C., Abeygunasekara, A.W.W.L., Gunatilleke, I.A.U.N. and Gunatilleke, C.V.S. 1990. Phenology and floral morphology in relation to pollination of some Sri Lankan dipterocarps. In: Bawa, K.S. and Hadley, M. (eds.) Reproductive ecology of tropical forest plants, 103- 133. UNESCO, Paris and Parthenon Publishing Group, England. Gan, Y.Y., Robertson, F.W., Ashton, P.S., Soepadmo, E. and Lee, D.W. 1977. Genetic variation in wild populaitons of rain-forest trees. Nature 269: 323- 325. Hamrick, J.L. 1982. Plant population genetics and evolution. American Journal of Botany 69: 1685- 1693. Hamrick, J.L. and Godt, M.J. 1989. Allozyme diversity in plant species. In: Brown, A.H.D., Clegg, M.T., Kahler, A.L. and Weir, B.S. (eds.) Population genetics and germplasm resources in crop improvement, 44- 46. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts. Harada, K., Kinoshita, A., Shukor, N.A.A., Tachida, H. and Yamazaki T. 1994. Genetic variation estimated in three Shorea species estimated by the RAPD analysis. Japanese Journal of Genetics 69: 713-718. Holsinger, K. 1993. The evolutionary dynamics of fragmented populations. In: Kareiva, P.M., Kingsolver, J.G. and Huey R.B. (eds.) Biotic interactions and global change, 198-216. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts. Jong, K. and Kaur, A. 1979. A taxonomists view of the Dipterocarpaceae with some comments on polyploidy and apomixis. Memoirs de Muséum National D’Histoire Naturelle 26: 41-49. Kaur, A., Ha, C.O., Jong, K., Sands, V.E., Chang, H.T., Soepadmo, E. and Ashton, P.S. 1978. Apomixis may be widespread among trees of the climax rain forest. Nature 271: 440-442. Kemp, R.H. 1992. The conservation of genetic resources in managed tropical forests. Unasylva 43: 34-40. Kitamura, K., Rahman, M.Y.B.A., Ochai, Y. and Yoshimaru, H. 1994. Estimation of the outcrossing rate on
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A Review of Dipterocarps Taxonomy,
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ã 1998 by Center for International
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Authors S. Appanah Forest Research
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SPINs Species Improvement Network T
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Foreword The Center for Internation
Page 11 and 12: Introduction As a consequence, much
Page 13 and 14: Introduction each project that is m
Page 15 and 16: Biogeography and Evolutionary Syste
Page 55 and 56: Conservation of Genetic Resources i
Page 61: Conservation of Genetic Resources i
Page 65 and 66: Seed Physiology P.B. Tompsett Seed
Page 67 and 68: Seed Physiology 59 (Sasaki 1980, Ya
Page 69 and 70: Seed Physiology 61 § orthodox; and
Page 71 and 72: Seed Physiology 63 Table 4. Lowest-
Page 73 and 74: Seed Physiology 65 Table 5. (contin
Page 75 and 76: Seed Physiology 67 Table 6. Viabili
Page 77 and 78: Seed Physiology 69 Dipterocarp seed
Page 79 and 80: Seed Physiology 71 Roberts, E.H. 19
Page 81 and 82: Seed Handling 74 viability of the s
Page 83 and 84: Seed Handling 76 the basic activiti
Page 85 and 86: Seed Handling 78 Table 2. Seed (fru
Page 87 and 88: Seed Handling 80 Table 3. Mean inse
Page 89 and 90: Seed Handling 82 Seedling storage u
Page 91 and 92: Seed Handling 84 air will ensure ra
Page 93 and 94: Seed Handling 86 ASEAN Forest Tree
Page 95 and 96: Seed Handling 88 Tompsett, P.B. and
Page 97 and 98: Seedling Ecology of Mixed-Dipteroca
Page 107 and 108: Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Table
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Page 111 and 112: Root Symbiosis and Nutrition specie
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition in Sab
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition where
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition 5. Lim
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Group
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Takaha
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Pests and Diseases of Dipterocarpac
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Management of Natural Forests S. Ap
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Management of Natural Forests about
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Management of Natural Forests 4. Cl
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Management of Natural Forests were
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Management of Natural Forests incre
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Management of Natural Forests 1. He
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Management of Natural Forests which
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Management of Natural Forests Cheng
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Management of Natural Forests Uebel
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Plantations 152 macrocarpa, V. indi
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Plantations 154 are: Dipterocarpus
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Plantations 156 and no longer in ne
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Plantations 158 able to store them
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Plantations 160 ‘Predictive Test
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Plantations 162 Qureshi et al. (196
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Plantations 164 Tomboc and Basada (
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Plantations 166 are removed. Anothe
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Plantations 168 intervention. Sange
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Plantations 170 mono-layered. The r
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Plantations 172 diameter of 46.3 m
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Plantations 174 Ang, L.H., Maruyama
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Plantations 176 Cheah, L.C. 1971. A
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Plantations 178 Kadambi, K. 1957. B
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Plantations 180 Moura-Costa, P. 199
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Plantations 182 Regional Workshop o
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Plantations 184 Conference on Dipte
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Non-Timber Forest Products from Dip
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Scientific Index BIXALES, 25 BOLETA
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Scientific Index EPHEMEROPTERA, 119
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Scientific Index Ovalis section, 8,
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Scientific Index Shorea leptoderma,
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Scientific Index VATERINAE sub-trib
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General Index barus kapur, 192-3 ba
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General Index endangered species, i
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General Index distribution, 15 enda
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General Index nurse crops, 161, 165
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General Index seed material, cryopr
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General Index TPI, 139 tractors, 15
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