A review of dipterocarps - Center for International Forestry Research

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Biogeography and Evolutionary Systematics of Dipterocarpaceae perhaps allow rapid spread of favourable ecotypes in heterogeneous terrain. However apomixis should probably lead to lowered genetic variability within populations, and thus could still result in increased probability of extinction when unadapted to the environmental changes. Constant differences in habit, morphology and reproductive biology exist between emergent and understorey trees (Richards 1952, Hallé et al. 1978, Yap 1982 in Ashton 1984). Ontogenesis thus follows predictable patterns in the larger trees and selection acts on these characteristics, which include tree habit and leaf shape, irrespective of their systematic relationships. These species present an ecological complementarity. It is however, not certain that species sharing a common habitat and geography will identically respond from flower-bud initiation to sensitivity to light, mycorrhizal invasion, water stress, seed predation, or share the same pollinators and seed vectors (M.S. Ashton 1992, 1995). Ecological criteria such as seed water content and seed resistance to desiccation are expressions of the species’ biological plasticity and the possible complementarity between species (Maury- Lechon 1993). Certain species are abundant and others rare. Detailed systematic and biosystematic comparisons between rare and abundant congeners should bring some answers (Ashton 1992). We need to confirm whether the means exist for gene flow, and then to directly measure the level and pattern of genetic variability. Amenable source of evidence could also be tested for the presence or absence of associations between population distributions in space, and demographic and population genetic studies are also required on the basis of repeated observations. These observations and the use of species’ complementarity would reinforce the understanding of systematics and help the forest managers to make decisions in rehabilitation and conservation programmes (Maury-Lechon 1991, 1993, 1996). Bearing in mind the economic value and the present status of Dipterocarpaceae, it is also urgent to relate phylogeny to comparative ecology within genera and sections by a combination of: 1. molecular phylogenic studies, concentrating on genera and below; 2. comparative demographic studies of groups of related species, especially those which co-occur: a) during the reproductive phase (bud to recruit, and including fecundity), b) during stand development and trough to mortality, 35 c) population genetics of selected species under selected conditions; 3. comparative ecophysiological experiments on seeds and seedlings; and 4. competition experiments. The teams exist within the frame of the International Working Group on Dipterocarps (IWGD-IUFRO S.07- 17 Working Party) and contacts have already been taken between the authors of this paper and their direct commentators for this purpose. Field and laboratory works will be organised on the base of complementarity. Overall, a cooperative, integrated and detailed reassessment is needed for the whole family Dipterocarpaceae sensu lato, with the establishment of an evolutionary classification based on a general consensus. Several groups around the world are currently working on projects that can lead to such a solution. They include: Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong and Unité Mixte de Recherche 5558 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique with Lyon University (France), in association with Harvard University (USA), who are working on the genetic analysis of DNA sequences; Massachusetts University (USA) on genetic and breeding system studies (Murawski and Bawa 1994, Murawski et al. 1994); and Cambridge-Edinburgh (U.K.) on computer identification keys (Newman et al. 1995). Several more complementary works are needed in palynology (pollen and exine), stamen architecture and shape (the flower being observed from the pollination point of view), ontogenesis (structure and morphology of fruit-embryogermination, anatomy of cotyledonary node and petiole, epidermis of primordial leaves), wood anatomy, chemotaxonomy and architecture of juvenile stage. These complementary works will require broad cooperation with colleagues and institutions from the Asian, African and South American zones. More effort is needed for the Asian dipterocarps from China, Burma and Indo- China. Likewise, there is a need for contact with African colleagues Acknowledgements We express our sincere thanks to the Center for International Forestry Research and most particularly to C. Cossalter for having initiated and supported the realisation of a book which provides the first broad synthesis of the present status of knowledge on dipterocarps that complements the proceedings of the
Biogeography and Evolutionary Systematics of Dipterocarpaceae five Round Table Conference Proceedings on Dipterocarps (1977 to 1994). Special thanks are also addressed to T.C. Whitmore (Cambridge University) and P.S. Ashton (Harvard Institute for International Development) for their advice and corrections, to R. Grantham (Lyon University) for his contribution to the final presentation, to S. Appanah (Forest Research Institute Malaysia) who reviewed this text and shared the editing tasks with C. Cossalter, and to C. Elouard (French Institute of Pondicherry). Thanks also to colleagues from Lyon and Paris who contributed to the bibliographic effort. References Appanah, S. 1990. Plant-pollinator interactions in Malaysian rainforest. In: Bawa, K.S. and Hadley, M. (eds.) Reproductive ecology of tropical forest plants, 85-101. UNESCO, Paris. Appanah, S. and Chan, H.T. 1981. Thrips: the pollinators of some dipterocarps. Malaysian Forester 44: 234- 252. Ashton, M. S. 1992. The establishment and growth of advanced regeneration of canopy trees in moist mixedbroadleaf species forest. In: Kelty, M.D., Larson, B.C. and Oliver, C.D. (eds.) The ecology and silviculture of mixed-species forests, 101-125. Kluwer Academic, Dortrecht, Netherlands. Ashton, M.S. 1995. Seedling growth of co-occurring Shorea species in the simulated light environments of a rain forest. Forest Ecology and Management 72: 1-12. Ashton, P.S. 1962. Some new Dipterocarpaceae from Borneo. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 19: 253-319. Ashton, P.S. 1963. Taxonomic notes on Bornean Dipterocarpaceae. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 20: 229-284. Ashton, P.S. 1964. A manual of the dipterocarp trees of Brunei State. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 242p. Ashton, P.S. 1967. Taxonomic notes on Bornean Dipterocapaceae III. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 22: 259-352. Ashton, P.S. 1968. A manual of the dipterocarp trees of Brunei State and of Sarawak, Supplement. Borneo Literature Bureau for Sarawak. Forest Department, Aberdeen, Hong Kong. 129p. 36 Ashton, P.S. 1969. Speciation among tropical forest trees: some deductions in the light of recent evidence. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 1: 155-196. Ashton, P.S. 1972. Precursor to a taxonomic revision of Ceylon Dipterocarpaceae. Blumea 20: 357-366. Ashton, P.S. 1977. Dipterocarpaceae. Revised handbook flora of Ceylon 2: 166-196. Ashton, P.S. (ed.) 1979a. Some geographic trends in morphological variation in the Asian tropics and their possible significance. Tropical Botany. Kai Larsen and Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen Academic Press London, New York. Ashton, P.S. 1979b. Final discussion. In: Maury-Lechon, G. (ed.) Diptérocarpacées: Taxonomie-Phylogénie- Ecologie, Mémoires du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle: First International Round Table on Dipterocarpaceae, 159. Série B, Botanique 26. Editions du Muséum, Paris. Ashton, P.S. 1979c. The generic concept for recent revision with Dipterocarpoideae. In: Maury-Lechon, G. (ed.) Diptérocarpacées: Taxonomie-Phylogénie- Ecologie, Mémoires du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle: First International Round Table on Dipterocarpaceae, 128-138. Série B, Botanique 26. Editions du Muséum, Paris. Ashton, P.S. 1979d. Phylogenetic speculations on Dipterocarpaceae. In: Maury-Lechon, G. (ed.) Diptérocarpacées: Taxonomie-Phylogénie-Ecologie, Mémoires du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle: First International Round Table on Dipterocarpaceae, 145-149. Série B, Botanique 26. Editions du Muséum, Paris. Ashton, P.S. 1980. Dipterocarpaceae. In: Dassanayake, M.D. and Fosberg, F.R. (eds.) A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon I, 364-423. Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. Ashton, P.S. 1982. Dipterocarpaceae. In: Van Steenis, C.G.G.J. (ed.) Flora Malesiana I (9): 237-552. Ashton, P.S. 1984. Biosystematics of tropical forest plants: a problem of rare species. In: Grant, W.F. (ed.) Plant biosystematics, 497-518. Academic Press, Toronto. Ashton, P.S. 1988. Dipterocarp biology as window to the understanding of tropical forest structure. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 19: 347-370.
Page 1 and 2: A Review of Dipterocarps Taxonomy,
Page 3 and 4: ã 1998 by Center for International
Page 5 and 6: Authors S. Appanah Forest Research
Page 7 and 8: SPINs Species Improvement Network T
Page 9 and 10: Foreword The Center for Internation
Page 11 and 12: Introduction As a consequence, much
Page 13 and 14: Introduction each project that is m
Page 15 and 16: Biogeography and Evolutionary Syste
Page 43: Biogeography and Evolutionary Syste
Page 55 and 56: Conservation of Genetic Resources i
Page 65 and 66: Seed Physiology P.B. Tompsett Seed
Page 67 and 68: Seed Physiology 59 (Sasaki 1980, Ya
Page 69 and 70: Seed Physiology 61 § orthodox; and
Page 71 and 72: Seed Physiology 63 Table 4. Lowest-
Page 73 and 74: Seed Physiology 65 Table 5. (contin
Page 75 and 76: Seed Physiology 67 Table 6. Viabili
Page 77 and 78: Seed Physiology 69 Dipterocarp seed
Page 79 and 80: Seed Physiology 71 Roberts, E.H. 19
Page 81 and 82: Seed Handling 74 viability of the s
Page 83 and 84: Seed Handling 76 the basic activiti
Page 85 and 86: Seed Handling 78 Table 2. Seed (fru
Page 87 and 88: Seed Handling 80 Table 3. Mean inse
Page 89 and 90: Seed Handling 82 Seedling storage u
Page 91 and 92: Seed Handling 84 air will ensure ra
Page 93 and 94: Seed Handling 86 ASEAN Forest Tree
Page 95 and 96:
Seed Handling 88 Tompsett, P.B. and
Page 97 and 98:
Seedling Ecology of Mixed-Dipteroca
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Table
Page 109 and 110:
Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Table
Page 111 and 112:
Root Symbiosis and Nutrition specie
Page 113 and 114:
Root Symbiosis and Nutrition in Sab
Page 115 and 116:
Root Symbiosis and Nutrition where
Page 117 and 118:
Root Symbiosis and Nutrition 5. Lim
Page 119 and 120:
Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Group
Page 121 and 122:
Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Takaha
Page 123 and 124:
Pests and Diseases of Dipterocarpac
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Management of Natural Forests S. Ap
Page 141 and 142:
Management of Natural Forests about
Page 143 and 144:
Management of Natural Forests 4. Cl
Page 145 and 146:
Management of Natural Forests were
Page 147 and 148:
Management of Natural Forests incre
Page 149 and 150:
Management of Natural Forests 1. He
Page 151 and 152:
Management of Natural Forests which
Page 153 and 154:
Management of Natural Forests Cheng
Page 155 and 156:
Management of Natural Forests Uebel
Page 157 and 158:
Plantations 152 macrocarpa, V. indi
Page 159 and 160:
Plantations 154 are: Dipterocarpus
Page 161 and 162:
Plantations 156 and no longer in ne
Page 163 and 164:
Plantations 158 able to store them
Page 165 and 166:
Plantations 160 ‘Predictive Test
Page 167 and 168:
Plantations 162 Qureshi et al. (196
Page 169 and 170:
Plantations 164 Tomboc and Basada (
Page 171 and 172:
Plantations 166 are removed. Anothe
Page 173 and 174:
Plantations 168 intervention. Sange
Page 175 and 176:
Plantations 170 mono-layered. The r
Page 177 and 178:
Plantations 172 diameter of 46.3 m
Page 179 and 180:
Plantations 174 Ang, L.H., Maruyama
Page 181 and 182:
Plantations 176 Cheah, L.C. 1971. A
Page 183 and 184:
Plantations 178 Kadambi, K. 1957. B
Page 185 and 186:
Plantations 180 Moura-Costa, P. 199
Page 187 and 188:
Plantations 182 Regional Workshop o
Page 189 and 190:
Plantations 184 Conference on Dipte
Page 191 and 192:
Non-Timber Forest Products from Dip
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Scientific Index BIXALES, 25 BOLETA
Page 205 and 206:
Scientific Index EPHEMEROPTERA, 119
Page 207 and 208:
Scientific Index Ovalis section, 8,
Page 209 and 210:
Scientific Index Shorea leptoderma,
Page 211 and 212:
Scientific Index VATERINAE sub-trib
Page 213 and 214:
General Index barus kapur, 192-3 ba
Page 215 and 216:
General Index endangered species, i
Page 217 and 218:
General Index distribution, 15 enda
Page 219 and 220:
General Index nurse crops, 161, 165
Page 221 and 222:
General Index seed material, cryopr
Page 223:
General Index TPI, 139 tractors, 15
show all

A review of dipterocarps - Center for International Forestry Research

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?