A review of dipterocarps - Center for International Forestry Research

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Biogeography and Evolutionary Systematics of Dipterocarpaceae the herbarium collections of Asia (Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong including Symington’s collection; Bogor in Indonesia, Peradeniya in Sri Lanka, Bangkok in Thailand) and Europe (Kew in U.K, Paris and Lyon in France, Leiden in Netherlands) where large collections including Ashton’s, Meijer’s, and Maury’s, are preserved. There is a certain complementarity in the above works, but a synthetic classification integrating all previous results is still not available. Traditional and modern approaches will have to be integrated, including DNA and mathematical analyses, as well as the use of computer systems for determination and treatment of the data. Main aspects of Maury-Lechon’s classification (see also Tables 1, 2, 8) The taxonomical levels have intentionally been left without formal definition to serve as a base for further research. The relative position of these levels is much more important than their names. However, to facilitate the explanations, the more proximal names usually adopted for these divisions were used (Maury-Lechon 1979a). The separation of Monotoid taxa from the Dipterocarpaceae underlines the differences that introduce heterogeneity when these taxa are put together with the Asian group in the same family. The grouping of Monotaceae and Dipterocarpaceae in a supra-familial joint division (order or suborder), reminds the greater affinities of these two families among the other angiosperms. All the other groups aim to underline the closer resemblances on the basis of living biological, morphological and anatomical characters of the successive ontogenic phases (mainly fruit-seed, embryo, seedling) and the pollen types and structures. The characters of embryo-seedlings and pollens strongly emphasise the particular position of Anthoshorea close to Doona and partly to Pentacme within the Anthoshorinae group, and their position near Hopea and Neobalanocarpus in the Imbricate group. Still stronger relations exist with the intermediary genus Dryobalanops leading directly to the Valvate group. Tighter connections of the latter genus occur within the Dipterocarpae subgroup (Dipterocarpus and Anisoptera) as well as with the Vaticae subgroup through Sunaptinae taxa first (Cotylelobium mainly, Sunaptea too), and then to Stemonoporus. Through Dryobalanops Taxonomical levels Supra-family level (1) (order or sub-order): Dipterocarpales (2 families) Family level Monotaceae (3 genera: (2): Pakaraimaea, Marquesia, Monotes) Dipterocarpaceae (2 infra-family groups: sub-families, 4 sub-groups: tribes, 9 sub-subgroups: sub-tribes, 19 genera) Sub-family Imbricate [2 tribes (a & b), 3 sub- level (2): tribes, 9 genera, 19 sections] Valvate [2 tribes (c & d), 7 subtribes, 10 genera, 8 sections] Tribe level (4): a) Hopeae (2 genera, 4 sections): Hopea (4 sections), Neobalanocarpus b) Shoreae (3 sub-tribes, 7 genera, 15 sections): Anthoshorinae (3 genera): Doona, Pentacme, Anthoshorea (2 sections) Shorinae (3 genera): Shorea (2 sections), Richetia (2 sections), Rubroshorea (7 sections) Parashorinae (1 genera): Parashorea (2 sections) c) Dipterocarpae (2 sub-tribes, 3 genera, 2 sections): Dryobalanoinae (1 genus): Dryobalanops Dipterocarpinae (2 genera): Dipterocarpus, Anisoptera (2 sections) d) Vaticae (5 sub-tribes, 7 genera, 6 sections): Upuninae (1 genera): Upuna Sunaptinae (2 genera): Cotylelobium, Sunaptea (2 sections) Vaticinae (1 genus): Vatica pro parte (2 sections) Stemonoporinae (1 genera): Stemonoporus (2 sub-groups) Vaterinae (2 genera): Vateria, Vateriopsis 31 another line of similarities leads to Anisoptera, Vateria and Vateriopsis. Pollen, embryo and seedling characters, as well as parsimony analysis of molecular data (Tsumura et al. 1993, Wickneswari 1993), show similar conclusions. By the pollen surface Anthoshorea resemble Dryobalanops, Doona, Neobalanocarpus heimii and Cotylelobium, and a basic similarity exists between Dryobalanops and Dipterocarpus, as with cotyledonary shapes.
Biogeography and Evolutionary Systematics of Dipterocarpaceae Table 8. Comparative classifications of Asian Dipterocarpaceae. HEIM 1892 MAURY 1978 MEIJER 1964 ASHTON 1964-68-82 SYMINGTON 1943 Hopea Euhopea, Hancea, Dryobalanoides, Petalandra Pierrea Duvallelia Balanocarpus Eubalanocarpus Pachynocarpoides Microcarpae Sphaerocarpae Parahopea Doona Pentacme Isoptera Richetia Shorea Eushorea Anthoshorea Hopeoides Richetioides Rugosae Brachypterae Brachypterae Smithianeae Pachycarpae Parashorea Dryobalanops Baillonodendron Dipterocarpus Sphaerales, Angulati, Plicati, Alati, Tuberculati Anisoptera Pilosae, Glabrae, Antherotriche Cotylelobium Sunaptea Dyerella Vatica Euvatica, Isauxis Retinodendron Pachynocarpus Stemonoporus Eustemonoporus Monoporandra Vesquella Vateriopsis Vateria Paenoe Hemiphractum IMBRICATE SUB-VALVATE VALVATE Hopea Hopeae Pierreae Dryobalanoides Sphaerocarpae Balanocarpus hemii Doona Pentacme Antoshorea Anthoshoreae Bracteolatae Shorea Shoreae Barbatae Richetia Richetioides Maximae Rubroshorea Muticae Muticae Auriculatae Ovalis Rubellae Brachypterae Brachypterae Smithianeae Pachycarpae Parashorea Tomentellae Smithianae Dryobalanops (Dryobalanoinae) Dipterocarpus Anisoptera Anisoptera, Glabrae Anthoshorinae Shorinae Parashorinae Upuna (Upuninae) ------------------------ Cotylelobium Sunaptea Sunapteae Vaticoides ------------------------ Vatica Vaticae Pachynocarpus -------------------------------------- Stemonoporus Sphaerae Ovoides ------------------------ Vateriopsis Vateria Hopea Group I Group II Pentacme Shorea Anthoshorea Shorea Isoptera Barbata, Ciliata Richetia Rubroshorea Parvifolia subgr. Ovalis subgr. Pauciflora subgr. Smithiana subgr. Pinanga subgr. Parashorea Hopea Hopea Hopea, Pierrea Dryobalanoides Dryobalanoides Sphaerocarpae Neobalanocarpus hemii Shorea Pentacme Doona Anthoshorea Shorea Shorea, Barbata Neohopea Richetioides Richetioides Polyandrae Mutica Mutica Auriculatae Ovalis Rubellae Brachypterae Brachypterae Smithiana Pachycarpae Parashorea *: Ashton 1964, 1968, spelling changes in and after 1982; subgr.: sub-group. Hopeae Shoreae Dipterocarpae Vaticae Dipterocarpinae Sunaptinae Vaticinae Stemonoporinae Vaterinae Doona Dryobalanops Dipterocarpus Anisoptera Pilosae Glabrae Upuna Cotylelobium Vatica Synaptea Isauxis Pachynocarpus SHOREA DIPTEROCARPI Dryobalanops Dipterocarpus Anisoptera Anisoptera Glabrae Upuna Cotylelobium Vatica Sunaptea Vatica (Pachynocarpus*) Stemonoporus Vateriopsis* Vateria Hopea Euhopea Pierrea Dryobalanoides Bracteata Balanocarpus hemii Pentacme Shorea Meranti Pa’ang Balau Damar hitam Parvifolia subgr. Ovalis subgr. Pauciflora subgr. Parashorea Dryobalanops Dipterocarpus Anisoptera Pilosae Glabrae Cotylelobium Vatica Synaptea Isauxis Pachynocarpus Red Meranti 32
Page 1 and 2: A Review of Dipterocarps Taxonomy,
Page 3 and 4: ã 1998 by Center for International
Page 5 and 6: Authors S. Appanah Forest Research
Page 7 and 8: SPINs Species Improvement Network T
Page 9 and 10: Foreword The Center for Internation
Page 11 and 12: Introduction As a consequence, much
Page 13 and 14: Introduction each project that is m
Page 15 and 16: Biogeography and Evolutionary Syste
Page 39: Biogeography and Evolutionary Syste
Page 55 and 56: Conservation of Genetic Resources i
Page 65 and 66: Seed Physiology P.B. Tompsett Seed
Page 67 and 68: Seed Physiology 59 (Sasaki 1980, Ya
Page 69 and 70: Seed Physiology 61 § orthodox; and
Page 71 and 72: Seed Physiology 63 Table 4. Lowest-
Page 73 and 74: Seed Physiology 65 Table 5. (contin
Page 75 and 76: Seed Physiology 67 Table 6. Viabili
Page 77 and 78: Seed Physiology 69 Dipterocarp seed
Page 79 and 80: Seed Physiology 71 Roberts, E.H. 19
Page 81 and 82: Seed Handling 74 viability of the s
Page 83 and 84: Seed Handling 76 the basic activiti
Page 85 and 86: Seed Handling 78 Table 2. Seed (fru
Page 87 and 88: Seed Handling 80 Table 3. Mean inse
Page 89 and 90: Seed Handling 82 Seedling storage u
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Seed Handling 84 air will ensure ra
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Seed Handling 86 ASEAN Forest Tree
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Seed Handling 88 Tompsett, P.B. and
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Seedling Ecology of Mixed-Dipteroca
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Table
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Table
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition specie
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition in Sab
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition where
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition 5. Lim
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Group
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Takaha
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Pests and Diseases of Dipterocarpac
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Management of Natural Forests S. Ap
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Management of Natural Forests about
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Management of Natural Forests 4. Cl
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Management of Natural Forests were
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Management of Natural Forests incre
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Management of Natural Forests 1. He
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Management of Natural Forests which
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Management of Natural Forests Cheng
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Management of Natural Forests Uebel
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Plantations 152 macrocarpa, V. indi
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Plantations 154 are: Dipterocarpus
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Plantations 156 and no longer in ne
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Plantations 158 able to store them
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Plantations 160 ‘Predictive Test
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Plantations 162 Qureshi et al. (196
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Plantations 164 Tomboc and Basada (
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Plantations 166 are removed. Anothe
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Plantations 168 intervention. Sange
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Plantations 170 mono-layered. The r
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Plantations 172 diameter of 46.3 m
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Plantations 174 Ang, L.H., Maruyama
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Plantations 176 Cheah, L.C. 1971. A
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Plantations 178 Kadambi, K. 1957. B
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Plantations 180 Moura-Costa, P. 199
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Plantations 182 Regional Workshop o
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Plantations 184 Conference on Dipte
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Non-Timber Forest Products from Dip
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Scientific Index BIXALES, 25 BOLETA
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Scientific Index EPHEMEROPTERA, 119
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Scientific Index Ovalis section, 8,
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Scientific Index Shorea leptoderma,
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Scientific Index VATERINAE sub-trib
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General Index barus kapur, 192-3 ba
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General Index endangered species, i
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General Index distribution, 15 enda
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General Index nurse crops, 161, 165
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General Index seed material, cryopr
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General Index TPI, 139 tractors, 15
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