A review of dipterocarps - Center for International Forestry Research

Biogeography and Evolutionary Systematics of Dipterocarpaceae
the herbarium collections of Asia (Forest Research
Institute Malaysia, Kepong including Symington’s
collection; Bogor in Indonesia, Peradeniya in Sri Lanka,
Bangkok in Thailand) and Europe (Kew in U.K, Paris and
Lyon in France, Leiden in Netherlands) where large
collections including Ashton’s, Meijer’s, and Maury’s,
are preserved.
There is a certain complementarity in the above
works, but a synthetic classification integrating all
previous results is still not available. Traditional and
modern approaches will have to be integrated, including
DNA and mathematical analyses, as well as the use of
computer systems for determination and treatment of
the data.
Main aspects of Maury-Lechon’s classification (see
also Tables 1, 2, 8)
The taxonomical levels have intentionally been left
without formal definition to serve as a base for further
research. The relative position of these levels is much
more important than their names. However, to facilitate
the explanations, the more proximal names usually
adopted for these divisions were used (Maury-Lechon
1979a).
The separation of Monotoid taxa from the
Dipterocarpaceae underlines the differences that
introduce heterogeneity when these taxa are put together
with the Asian group in the same family. The grouping of
Monotaceae and Dipterocarpaceae in a supra-familial
joint division (order or suborder), reminds the greater
affinities of these two families among the other
angiosperms. All the other groups aim to underline the
closer resemblances on the basis of living biological,
morphological and anatomical characters of the
successive ontogenic phases (mainly fruit-seed, embryo,
seedling) and the pollen types and structures.
The characters of embryo-seedlings and pollens
strongly emphasise the particular position of
Anthoshorea close to Doona and partly to Pentacme
within the Anthoshorinae group, and their position near
Hopea and Neobalanocarpus in the Imbricate group.
Still stronger relations exist with the intermediary
genus Dryobalanops leading directly to the Valvate
group. Tighter connections of the latter genus occur
within the Dipterocarpae subgroup (Dipterocarpus and
Anisoptera) as well as with the Vaticae subgroup through
Sunaptinae taxa first (Cotylelobium mainly, Sunaptea
too), and then to Stemonoporus. Through Dryobalanops
Taxonomical levels
Supra-family
level (1) (order
or sub-order):
Dipterocarpales (2 families)
Family level Monotaceae (3 genera:
(2):
Pakaraimaea, Marquesia,
Monotes)
Dipterocarpaceae (2 infra-family
groups: sub-families, 4 sub-groups:
tribes, 9 sub-subgroups: sub-tribes,
19 genera)
Sub-family Imbricate [2 tribes (a & b), 3 sub-
level (2):
tribes, 9 genera, 19 sections]
Valvate [2 tribes (c & d), 7 subtribes,
10 genera, 8 sections]
Tribe level (4): a) Hopeae (2 genera, 4 sections):
Hopea (4 sections),
Neobalanocarpus
b) Shoreae (3 sub-tribes, 7 genera, 15
sections):
Anthoshorinae (3 genera): Doona,
Pentacme, Anthoshorea (2
sections)
Shorinae (3 genera): Shorea (2
sections), Richetia (2 sections),
Rubroshorea (7 sections)
Parashorinae (1 genera):
Parashorea (2 sections)
c) Dipterocarpae (2 sub-tribes, 3
genera, 2 sections):
Dryobalanoinae (1 genus):
Dryobalanops
Dipterocarpinae (2 genera):
Dipterocarpus, Anisoptera (2
sections)
d) Vaticae (5 sub-tribes, 7 genera, 6
sections):
Upuninae (1 genera): Upuna
Sunaptinae (2 genera):
Cotylelobium, Sunaptea (2 sections)
Vaticinae (1 genus): Vatica pro
parte (2 sections)
Stemonoporinae (1 genera):
Stemonoporus (2 sub-groups)
Vaterinae (2 genera): Vateria,
Vateriopsis
31
another line of similarities leads to Anisoptera, Vateria
and Vateriopsis.
Pollen, embryo and seedling characters, as well as
parsimony analysis of molecular data (Tsumura et al.
1993, Wickneswari 1993), show similar conclusions. By
the pollen surface Anthoshorea resemble
Dryobalanops, Doona, Neobalanocarpus heimii and
Cotylelobium, and a basic similarity exists between
Dryobalanops and Dipterocarpus, as with cotyledonary
shapes.