A review of dipterocarps - Center for International Forestry Research

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Biogeography and Evolutionary Systematics of Dipterocarpaceae Tertiary dipterocarp fossils have been reported from the African Miocene of Ethiopia (Beauchamp et al. 1973, Lemoigne 1978, Laveine et al. 1987) and from the putative (but probably earlier) Plio-Pleistocene of Somalia (Chiarugi 1933). That is in a continent where not a single living dipterocarpoid has been found, and where present monotoids are living. Lemoigne (1978, p.123) specifies ‘c’est avec des bois de la famille des Dipterocarpaceae, notamment ceux du genre Monotes que notre echantillon parait avoir le plus d’affinites... Certes les affinites avec la famille des Lauraceae sont aussi remarquables’. In spite of its name Dipterocarpoxylon, this fossil is thus of a Monotoid type (not Dipterocarpoid). In this case, is the African rain forest species Marquesia excelsa derived from a common ancestor with Monotes and adapted to a more humid climate, or is it the only surviving species of some Dipterocarpoid ancestor which could have fossilised in Ethiopia and Somalia (and Egypt?)? A study of the pollen exine structure in Marquesia is needed to clarify this genus situation, as well as a critical re-examination of all dipterocarpoid fossils (doubtful or not). Numerous accepted fossils from Asia (Awasthi 1971) testify that the present great species richness of the Asian flora (Table 6) probably existed since the Miocene and persists through the Pliocene and Pleistocene, up to the Quaternary (Anisopteroxylon, Dipterocarpoxylon, Dryobalanoxylon, Hopenium, Shoreoxylon, Vaticoxylon, Vaterioxylon). These fossils demonstrate a reduction of dipterocarp distribution area both in Africa (Fig. 1, Tables 5 and 6) and Asia (extinction of Anisoptera and Dryobalanops in India, and of the latter in Indo-China), and total extinction in Europe and North America (doubtful fossils?). Could thus the Tertiary distribution area of dipterocarps sensu stricto include Africa and Asia (and Europe?)? Hypotheses on the Geographical Origin of Dipterocarpaceae If Monotoideae and Pakaraimaea are to be connected to Asian dipterocarps (by a single family or into different families), a common ancestor and its migration path have to be found. During the transition from the later Cretaceous to the very early Eocene the paleogeographic changes, in combination with other effects, could have produced the present geography. Thus dipterocarp ancestors should have been present when land 17 connections still existed between South America, Africa and India and between them and southeast Asia (and probably with the European and north American Laurasia block with its intermittent ‘Grande coupure’). This situation occurred (Figs. 2 (A, B), 3) in the Permo- Triassic period. Later, parts of the northeastern Gondwana land detached from the Gondwana shelf, crossed the Tethys and joined southeast Laurasia (just as India would do later). These changes would have happened during the Permo-Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous times according to recent works on Cathaysian floras (Kovino 1963, 1966, 1968, all in Vozenin-Serra and Salard-Cheboldaeff 1994, Lemoigne 1978, Jaeger et al. 1983, Vozenin-Serra 1984, Vozenin-Serra and Taugourdeau-Lantz 1985, Laveine et al. 1987, Taugourdeau and Vozenin-Serra 1987, Renous 1989, Scotese and McKerrow 1990 in Vozenin-Serra and Salard-Cheboldaeff 1994), and on the Tethys Sea (Dercourt et al. 1992). Croizat (1964, 1952 in Aubréville 1976) and Ashton (1969) expressed the view of a dipterocarp Gondwanan origin of the present distribution area and to a further migration towards Indo-Malesia. Aubréville (1976) considered that Dipterocarpaceae probably occupied two main areas before the Cretaceous general drift of Gondwanan shelves: one in Asia and one in the joined Africa-India-Seychelles-Sri Lanka complex. He believed that the origin was in Europe from where ancestors of monotoids would have migrated towards Africa and further from there to India. He suggested two Tertiary centres of dipterocarps: one Indo-Malesian from Laurasian origin; and one Africano-Indian from a Gondwanan origin, on both sides of the Tethys Sea. More recent studies (Renous 1989, Dercourt et al. 1992, Vozenin-Serra and Salard-Cheboldaeff 1994) identify direct land connections between southeast Asia and Laurasia lands. These authors consider a possible series of small blocks detached from the northeastern part of Gondwana, moving through the Tethys, and forming an archipelago (Fig. 3: Tazrim-Sino-Korean block (1), north China block (2), north Tibet block (3), Khorat-Kontum block: east Thailand and most parts of Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam (4), south Tibet block (5), Kashmir block (6), Iran-Afghanistan block (7), Turkey block (8), Spain block (9)) together with the different southeast Asian plates. This putative archipelago would have served as a relay, perhaps owing to volcanism which would open routes for floral migration. Before the rise of the Himalayas, floristic exchanges would also have been possible around the Tethys (Dercourt et al. 1992).
Biogeography and Evolutionary Systematics of Dipterocarpaceae Figure 2. Continental drifts concerning the area of Dipterocarps from Primary to Tertiary (adapted from Renous 1989). E D C B A LAURASIA GONDWANA Miocene Late Cretaceous Middle & late Jurassic Triassic Permian I: India M: Madagascar S.Am: South America N.Am: North America Af: Africa Au: Australia An: Antarctica SrL: Sri Lanka MY - Million of years 18
Page 1 and 2: A Review of Dipterocarps Taxonomy,
Page 3 and 4: ã 1998 by Center for International
Page 5 and 6: Authors S. Appanah Forest Research
Page 7 and 8: SPINs Species Improvement Network T
Page 9 and 10: Foreword The Center for Internation
Page 11 and 12: Introduction As a consequence, much
Page 13 and 14: Introduction each project that is m
Page 15 and 16: Biogeography and Evolutionary Syste
Page 25: Biogeography and Evolutionary Syste
Page 55 and 56: Conservation of Genetic Resources i
Page 65 and 66: Seed Physiology P.B. Tompsett Seed
Page 67 and 68: Seed Physiology 59 (Sasaki 1980, Ya
Page 69 and 70: Seed Physiology 61 § orthodox; and
Page 71 and 72: Seed Physiology 63 Table 4. Lowest-
Page 73 and 74: Seed Physiology 65 Table 5. (contin
Page 75 and 76: Seed Physiology 67 Table 6. Viabili
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Seed Physiology 69 Dipterocarp seed
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Seed Physiology 71 Roberts, E.H. 19
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Seed Handling 74 viability of the s
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Seed Handling 76 the basic activiti
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Seed Handling 78 Table 2. Seed (fru
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Seed Handling 80 Table 3. Mean inse
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Seed Handling 82 Seedling storage u
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Seed Handling 84 air will ensure ra
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Seed Handling 86 ASEAN Forest Tree
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Seed Handling 88 Tompsett, P.B. and
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Seedling Ecology of Mixed-Dipteroca
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Table
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Table
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition specie
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition in Sab
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition where
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition 5. Lim
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Group
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Takaha
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Pests and Diseases of Dipterocarpac
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Management of Natural Forests S. Ap
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Management of Natural Forests about
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Management of Natural Forests 4. Cl
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Management of Natural Forests were
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Management of Natural Forests incre
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Management of Natural Forests 1. He
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Management of Natural Forests which
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Management of Natural Forests Cheng
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Management of Natural Forests Uebel
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Plantations 152 macrocarpa, V. indi
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Plantations 154 are: Dipterocarpus
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Plantations 156 and no longer in ne
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Plantations 158 able to store them
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Plantations 160 ‘Predictive Test
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Plantations 162 Qureshi et al. (196
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Plantations 164 Tomboc and Basada (
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Plantations 166 are removed. Anothe
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Plantations 168 intervention. Sange
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Plantations 170 mono-layered. The r
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Plantations 172 diameter of 46.3 m
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Plantations 174 Ang, L.H., Maruyama
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Plantations 176 Cheah, L.C. 1971. A
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Plantations 178 Kadambi, K. 1957. B
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Plantations 180 Moura-Costa, P. 199
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Plantations 182 Regional Workshop o
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Plantations 184 Conference on Dipte
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Non-Timber Forest Products from Dip
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Scientific Index BIXALES, 25 BOLETA
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Scientific Index EPHEMEROPTERA, 119
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Scientific Index Ovalis section, 8,
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Scientific Index Shorea leptoderma,
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Scientific Index VATERINAE sub-trib
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General Index barus kapur, 192-3 ba
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General Index endangered species, i
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General Index distribution, 15 enda
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General Index nurse crops, 161, 165
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General Index seed material, cryopr
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General Index TPI, 139 tractors, 15
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