A review of dipterocarps - Center for International Forestry Research

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Biogeography and Evolutionary Systematics of Dipterocarpaceae Table 4. Phytogeographical regions and distribution of numbers of genera and species. Area Country Number of genera Number of species area country area country *: numbers in Ashton’s 1982 publication; °: Shaw’s numbers in Jacobs 1981; Philippines**: east of Wallace’s line only 3 genera and 13 species. Authors Malesia 10 465* *Ashton 1982 Malaya 14 155* 168 Symington 1943 Borneo 13 267* 276 " Sumatra ? 106* *Ashton 1982 Philippines** 11 50* 52 " W. Wallace’s line Sulawesi 4 7 *Ashton 1982 Moluccas 3 6 *Ashton 1982 New Guinea Mainland 3 15 " E. Wallace’s line Southeast Asia 8 76 Smitinand 1980 Smitinand et al.1990 Burma 6 33 " Thailand 8 66 " Laos 6 20 " Cambodia 6 28 " Vietnam 6 36 " China 5 24 Huang 1987 11 Xu and Yu 1982 Sri Lanka 7 44-45 Ashton 1977 South Asia: 9 58 Kostermans1992 India+Andamans 5 (6) 31 Tewary 1984 North India 4 10 Jacobs 1981 South India 5 14 " Andamans 2 8 " Seychelles 1 1 Parkinson 1932 Africa 37* * Ashton 1982 plus Madagascar 3 49° ° Shaw 1973 Africa 2 48 Shaw 1973 36 Ashton 1982 ≈30 Verdcourt 1989 Madagascar 1 1 South America 1 1 Maguire et al.1977 Maguire and Ashton 1980 NB: - Number of genera in China assumes China’s view of the China-India border, not accepted by India or internationally (Shorea probably does not occur in China). - Symington included undescribed entities, most of which were later absorbed in described entities by Ashton, which explains the difference between numbers. 13
Biogeography and Evolutionary Systematics of Dipterocarpaceae Present Distribution in the Phytogeographical Regions The South American region possesses now two monospecific genera related to Dipterocarpaceae sensu lato, and belonging to the two different non-Asian main groups: Pseudomonotes attributed by its authors to Monotoideae, and Pakaraimaea in Pakaraimoideae sensu Maguire et al. (1977). Pseudomonotes tropenbosii appears to be confined to a small area in the southwesternmost limit of the Guyana Highland and the superposed Roraima Formation sediments in Amazonian Colombia (Fig. 1: nov. gen.). In spite of being found near the distribution area of Pakaraimaea, Pseudomonotes has stronger affinities with the African species. Such affinities recall the remote Gondwanan connection between Africa and South America. Pakaraimaea dipterocarpacea contains two subspecies: P. dipterocarpacea ssp. dipterocarpacea in Imbaimadai savannas, Pakaraima Mountains, Guyana, and P. dipterocarpacea ssp. nitida in Gran Sabana and Guaiquinima, Venezuela (Maguire and Steyermark 1981). The new genus Pseudomonotes from Colombia (Fig. 1) in most respects seems to be a Monotoideae (sensu Maguire and Ashton in Maguire et al. 1977), not a Pakaraimoideae (Londoño et al. 1995). African dipterocarps need a reassessment to reduce over-estimations in the Angolan flora. All Monotes (about 26 instead of 32 (Verdcourt 1989)) and Marquesia (3 or 4 species) grow in the southern hemisphere. Only Monotes kerstingii occurs in both hemispheres (Fig. 1). It occurs in the northern hemisphere as an isolated species in a narrow strip, and in the southern hemisphere in the main distribution area of the Monoitoideae. Some species exist through Katanga, Zambia and Mozambique up to the Indian Ocean. Only one species (Monotes madagascariensis) reaches south Madagascar. Marquesia may form monospecific open forests along the fringe of the Congolese rain forest, at the limit of Zaire, Angola and northern Zambia. The numbers of genera and species in Asia (Table 4: * indicates Ashton’s 1982 numbers) show much greater diversity compared to Africa and South America. As expected the higher numbers clearly occur in the everwet regions. The same trend exists from the Malesian region (10 or 14 genera, 465* species) and particularly from Borneo (13 genera, 267* species) and Peninsular 14 Malaysia (14 genera, 155* species), westwards to mainland southeast Asia (8 genera, 76 species) to Sri Lanka (7 or 9 genera, 44-58 species), India (5 or 6 genera, 31 species) and the Seychelles (1 genus, 1 species). The same situation appears eastwards inside the Malesian region from Borneo to Peninsular Malaysia or to the Philippines (11 genera, 50* species) and from Malesia to China (5 genera, 11 or 24 species). The number of taxa strongly decrease on the east side of the Wallace’s line in the Philippines (3/11* genera, 13/50* species) and New Guinea (3* genera, 15* species). Particular needs for a new synthesis concern the Chinese taxa (Yunnan, South China, Hainan Island), using both the published literature (Wang et al. 1981, Tao and Tong 1982, Tao and Zhang 1983, Tao and Dunaiqiu 1984, Huang 1987, Zhu and Wang 1992), the on-going works (Yang Yong Kang 1994 personnal communication) and new collections to be done. Dipterocarps in New Guinea and the Philippines have been identified (Revilla 1976) but some biological aspects have to be specified. Cotylelobium Pierre and Pentacme, are the only Asian dipterocarps with a present disjunct distribution area (Table 5). Cotylelobium grows in Sri Lanka, mainland Southeast Asia and Sundaland, both under seasonal and aseasonal evergreen forests. Pentacme develops in mainland Southeast Asia and also in the Philippines and Papua-New Guinea. Only five genera develop east of Wallace’s line (Ashton 1979a) if Pentacme is not merged into Shorea genus: Dipterocarpus, Vatica (including Sunaptea), Hopea (section Hopeae) and Shorea (Anthoshorea and Brachypterae groups) and Pentacme. Apart from Pentacme, the other four genera presently exist in India and occur in Indian fossils (Table 5) as does the genus Anisoptera (presently extinct). Anthoshorea Heim extends from India to east of Wallace’s line. Section Shorea Ashton is mainly centered in southeast Asia but is well represented in Sri Lanka; it contains two fireresistant species in the Indian and Indo-Burmese dry dipterocarp forests. The other genera or sections have more restricted areas (Table 5). The south Asian endemic taxa are Vateria genus represented in south India and Sri Lanka, and Stemonoporus and Doona confined to Sri Lanka. In the southeast part Upuna is endemic in Borneo. Two genera, Vatica (sensu Kostermans) and Hopea, show the largest distribution from India to east of Wallace’s line. This is an important fact.
Page 1 and 2: A Review of Dipterocarps Taxonomy,
Page 3 and 4: ã 1998 by Center for International
Page 5 and 6: Authors S. Appanah Forest Research
Page 7 and 8: SPINs Species Improvement Network T
Page 9 and 10: Foreword The Center for Internation
Page 11 and 12: Introduction As a consequence, much
Page 13 and 14: Introduction each project that is m
Page 15 and 16: Biogeography and Evolutionary Syste
Page 21: Biogeography and Evolutionary Syste
Page 55 and 56: Conservation of Genetic Resources i
Page 65 and 66: Seed Physiology P.B. Tompsett Seed
Page 67 and 68: Seed Physiology 59 (Sasaki 1980, Ya
Page 69 and 70: Seed Physiology 61 § orthodox; and
Page 71 and 72: Seed Physiology 63 Table 4. Lowest-
Page 73 and 74:
Seed Physiology 65 Table 5. (contin
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Seed Physiology 67 Table 6. Viabili
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Seed Physiology 69 Dipterocarp seed
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Seed Physiology 71 Roberts, E.H. 19
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Seed Handling 74 viability of the s
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Seed Handling 76 the basic activiti
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Seed Handling 78 Table 2. Seed (fru
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Seed Handling 80 Table 3. Mean inse
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Seed Handling 82 Seedling storage u
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Seed Handling 84 air will ensure ra
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Seed Handling 86 ASEAN Forest Tree
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Seed Handling 88 Tompsett, P.B. and
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Seedling Ecology of Mixed-Dipteroca
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Table
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Table
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition specie
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition in Sab
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition where
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition 5. Lim
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Group
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Takaha
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Pests and Diseases of Dipterocarpac
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Management of Natural Forests S. Ap
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Management of Natural Forests about
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Management of Natural Forests 4. Cl
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Management of Natural Forests were
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Management of Natural Forests incre
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Management of Natural Forests 1. He
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Management of Natural Forests which
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Management of Natural Forests Cheng
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Management of Natural Forests Uebel
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Plantations 152 macrocarpa, V. indi
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Plantations 154 are: Dipterocarpus
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Plantations 156 and no longer in ne
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Plantations 158 able to store them
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Plantations 160 ‘Predictive Test
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Plantations 162 Qureshi et al. (196
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Plantations 164 Tomboc and Basada (
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Plantations 166 are removed. Anothe
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Plantations 168 intervention. Sange
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Plantations 170 mono-layered. The r
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Plantations 172 diameter of 46.3 m
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Plantations 174 Ang, L.H., Maruyama
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Plantations 176 Cheah, L.C. 1971. A
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Plantations 178 Kadambi, K. 1957. B
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Plantations 180 Moura-Costa, P. 199
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Plantations 182 Regional Workshop o
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Plantations 184 Conference on Dipte
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Non-Timber Forest Products from Dip
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Scientific Index BIXALES, 25 BOLETA
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Scientific Index EPHEMEROPTERA, 119
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Scientific Index Ovalis section, 8,
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Scientific Index Shorea leptoderma,
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Scientific Index VATERINAE sub-trib
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General Index barus kapur, 192-3 ba
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General Index endangered species, i
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General Index distribution, 15 enda
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General Index nurse crops, 161, 165
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General Index seed material, cryopr
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General Index TPI, 139 tractors, 15
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