Non-Timber Forest Products from Dipterocarps Vateria indica, are mostly used <strong>for</strong> tanning and medicinal purposes. To increase the collector’s income, the leaves must be collected at the appropriate season and stage <strong>of</strong> growth and be properly dried and graded. 5. Bark: This is used <strong>for</strong> tanning and medicinal purposes, <strong>for</strong> example: Dipterocarpus alatus (medicine), D. tuberculatus (tannin), Hopea odorata (tannin), H. parviflora (tannin), Shorea robusta (tannin, medicine, gum), Vateria copallifera (toddy fermentation) and V. indica (medicine). Only the bark <strong>of</strong> S. robusta is utilised on a large scale. Collection <strong>of</strong> bark from standing trees is detrimental to tree growth, so improved methods <strong>of</strong> bark extraction are needed or bark utilised only from felled or dead trees. There is good scope <strong>for</strong> greater utilisation <strong>of</strong> various dipterocarp NTFPs <strong>for</strong> socioeconomic development. This will be enhanced by further research and training in a range <strong>of</strong> technologies. These include: oleoresin and dammar tapping techniques; seed, leaf and bark harvesting; grading and processing standardisation; chemical evaluation <strong>of</strong> derivatives; and marketing and pricing analysis. Acknowledgements We would like to thank Manuel Ruiz-Perez (<strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>International</strong> <strong>Forestry</strong> <strong>Research</strong>) <strong>for</strong> comments and suggestions <strong>for</strong> the improvement <strong>of</strong> this chapter. References Agarwal V.S. 1986. Economic plants <strong>of</strong> India. Kailash Prakashan, Calcutta. Anderson, J.A.R. 1975. The potential <strong>of</strong> illipe nuts (Shorea spp.) as an agricultural crop. In: Williams et al. (eds.) Proceedings <strong>of</strong> Symposium on South East Asian Plant Genetic Resources, Bogor, Indonesia, 20- 22 March, 1975, 217-230. BIOTROP, Bogor. Anonymous. 1985a. Dipterocarps <strong>of</strong> South-Asia. RAPA Monograph 4/85, FAO Regional Office <strong>for</strong> the Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok. Anonymous. 1985b. Statistics <strong>of</strong> external trade in Sarawak (1976-1986). Dept. <strong>of</strong> Statistics (Sarawak Branch), Kuching. Balfour, E. 1985. Cyclopedia <strong>of</strong> India and <strong>of</strong> Eastern and Southern Asia, products <strong>of</strong> mineral, vegetable and 196 animal kingdoms, useful arts manufactures, Vol. II. 2nd ed. reprint. <strong>International</strong> Book Distributors, Dehra Dun. Bandaranayake, W.M. 1975. Terpenes <strong>of</strong> Dipterocarpus and Doona species. Phytochemistry 14: 2043-2048. Bennet, S.S.R., Gupta, P.C. and Rao, V. R. 1992. Venerated plants. ICFRE, Dehra Dun. Blair, R.W. and Byron, F.E. 1926. Notes on dammar penak. Malayan Forest Record no. 4. Kuala Lumpur. Burkill, I.H. 1935. Dictionary <strong>of</strong> the economic products <strong>of</strong> the Malay Peninsula, 2 vols. Crown Agents <strong>for</strong> the Colonies, London. Chopra, R.N., Chopra, I.C., Handa, K.L. and Kapur, L.D. 1958. Chopra’s indigenous drugs <strong>of</strong> India. 2nd ed. M/S.U.N. Dhur, Calcutta. Gianno, R. 1986. The exploitation <strong>of</strong> resinous products in a lowland Malayan <strong>for</strong>est. Wallaceana 43: 16. Gulati, N.K., Shiva, M.P., Bali, B.I. and Subramaniam, I.V. 1983. Utilisation <strong>of</strong> Furcraea species as a binder <strong>for</strong> briquette manufacture. Van Vigyan 21(3/4). Howes, F.N. 1949. Vegetable gums and resins. Chronica Botanica, Delhi. Ibrahim, J., Abu Said, A. and Abdul Rashih, A. 1990. Tapping <strong>of</strong> oleoresin from Dipterocarpus kerrii. Journal <strong>of</strong> Tropical Forest Science 3: 348-355. Jafarsidik, J. 1987. Dammar resin producing tree species and their distribution in Indonesia. Duta Rimba 8182: 7-11. Kirtikar, K.R. and Basu, B.D. 1935. Indian medicinal plants. Vol I. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun. Krishnamurthy, T. 1993. Minor <strong>for</strong>est products <strong>of</strong> India. Ox<strong>for</strong>d and IBH Publishing, New Delhi. Lawrence, B. M. 1985. A <strong>review</strong> <strong>of</strong> the world production <strong>of</strong> essential oils (1984). Perfumer and Flavourist 10: 2-15. Martindale (1958) The extra pharmacopoeia. Vol. II. Pharmaceutical Press, London. Poehland, B.L., Carta, B.K., Francis, T.A., Hyland, L.J., Allaudeen, H.S. and Troupe, N. 1987. In-viro antiviral activity <strong>of</strong> dammar resin triterpenoids. Journal <strong>of</strong> Natural Products 50: 706-713. Puntembaker, S.V. and Krishna, S. 1932. The seeds <strong>of</strong> Vateria indica Linn. as a source <strong>of</strong> vegetable tallow. Indian Forester 58: 68-74.
Non-Timber Forest Products from Dipterocarps Rappard, F.W. 1937. De dammar van Bengkoelen. Tectona 30: 897-915. Tantra, I.G.M. 1979. The establishment <strong>of</strong> tengkawang plantations in Indonesia. In: Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the Symposium on Management <strong>of</strong> Forest Production in Southeast Asia, April 19-22, 1977, Bangkok, Thailand. BIOTROP Special Publication No. 4. BIOTROP, Bogor, Indonesia. Torquebiau, E.F. 1984. Manmade dipterocarp <strong>for</strong>est in Sumatra. Agr<strong>of</strong>orestry Systems 2: 103-127. Trotter, H. 1940. Manual <strong>of</strong> Indian <strong>for</strong>est utilization. Ox<strong>for</strong>d University Press, London. 197 Verma, V.P.S., Shiva, M.P. and Bali, B.I. 1979. Briquetting <strong>of</strong> sawdust with inferior grade natural gums. <strong>Research</strong> and Industry, Vol. 2. CSIR, New Delhi. Watt, G. 1889. A dictionary <strong>of</strong> the economic products <strong>of</strong> India. Cosmo Publications, Delhi. WOI. 1988. The wealth <strong>of</strong> India. Vol. IX. CSIR, New Delhi. WOI. 1989a. The wealth <strong>of</strong> India. Vol. III. CSIR, New Delhi. WOI 1989b. The wealth <strong>of</strong> India, Vol. X. CSIR, New Delhi. Wong Soon. 1988. The chocolaty fat from Borneo illipe trees. CT Cahaya Kalbar, Jakarta.
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A Review of Dipterocarps Taxonomy,
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ã 1998 by Center for International
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Authors S. Appanah Forest Research
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SPINs Species Improvement Network T
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Foreword The Center for Internation
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Introduction As a consequence, much
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Introduction each project that is m
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Biogeography and Evolutionary Syste
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Seed Physiology P.B. Tompsett Seed
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Seed Physiology 61 § orthodox; and
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Seed Physiology 63 Table 4. Lowest-
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Seed Physiology 65 Table 5. (contin
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Seed Physiology 67 Table 6. Viabili
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Seed Physiology 69 Dipterocarp seed
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Seed Physiology 71 Roberts, E.H. 19
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Seed Handling 74 viability of the s
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Seed Handling 76 the basic activiti
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Seed Handling 78 Table 2. Seed (fru
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Seed Handling 80 Table 3. Mean inse
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Seed Handling 82 Seedling storage u
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Seed Handling 84 air will ensure ra
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Seed Handling 86 ASEAN Forest Tree
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Seed Handling 88 Tompsett, P.B. and
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Seedling Ecology of Mixed-Dipteroca
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Management of Natural Forests S. Ap
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Management of Natural Forests were
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