A review of dipterocarps - Center for International Forestry Research

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Plantations 185 Watson, J.G. 1935. Plantations experiments at Kepong. Malayan Forester 4: 110-119. Wong, Y.K. 1966. Poison-girdling under the Malayan uniform system. Malaysian Forester 29: 69-77. Wyatt-Smith, J. 1947. Save the belukar. Malayan Forester 11: 24-26. Wyatt-Smith, J. 1949a. Regrowth of cleared areas. Malayan Forester 12: 83-86. Wyatt-Smith, J. 1949b. Survival of seedlings of meranti sarang punai (Shorea parvifolia Dyer.) and kempas (Koompassia malaccensis Benth.) in belukar. (Perak South Sample Plot no. 37). Malayan Forester 12: 144- 148. Wyatt-Smith, J. 1958. Seedling/sapling survival of Shorea leprosula, Shorea parvifolia and Koompassia malaccensis. Malaysian Forester 21: 185-193. Wyatt-Smith, J. 1960. Further arboricide trials in lowland dipterocarp rain forests of Malaya. Malaysian Forester 23: 314-331. Wyatt-Smith, J. 1961a. Research items: arboricide trials using Ammate X,2,3-D, 2,4,5-T and sodium arsenite. Malaysian Forester 24:81-84. Wyatt-Smith, J. 1961b. Intermediate fellings in redmeranti forest. Malaysian Forester 24: 85-88. Wyatt-Smith, J. 1963a. Intermediate fellings in redmeranti forests (cont’d). Malaysian Forester 26: 111- 117. Wyatt-Smith, J. 1963b. Manual of Malayan silviculture for inland forests. Malayan Forest Record no. 23. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong. Wyatt-Smith, J. 1963c. Arboricide trials on medium to large size trees in hill dipterocarp rain forest of Malaya. Malaysian Forester 26: 63-69. Yadav, J.S.P. and Mathur, H.M. 1962. pH tolerance of sal (Shorea robusta) seedlings. Indian Forester 88: 694-700. Yadav, V.K., Khare, P.K. and Mishra, G.P. 1986. Effect of tree girth on seed viability and germination of sal. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 2: 160-163. Yap, S.W. and Moura-Costa, P. 1994. Effects of nitrogen fertilization and soil texture on growth and morphology of Dryobalanops lanceolata Burck seedlings. Paper presented at the 5th Round Table Conference on Dipterocarps, 7-9 November 1994, Chiang Mai, Thailand. Zabala, N.Q. 1986. Vegetative propagation of some dipterocarp species. Philippine Lumberman 32: 13, 15-16. Zoysa, N.D. de and Ashton, P.M.S. 1991. Germination and survival of Shorea trapezifolia: effects of dewinging, seed maturity, and different light and soil microenvironments. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 4: 52-63. Zuhaidi, A. and Weinland, G. 1994. Establishment and management of plantations of high-quality timber species: a holistic approach. In: S. Appanah, K.C. Khoo, H.T. Chan and L.T. Hong (eds.) Proceedings of the Conference Forestry and Forest Products Research, 1-2 November 1993, 139-151. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong. Zuhaidi, A., Kollert, W. and Weinland, G. 1993. Plantations of high-quality timber species for the private sector: establishment, management and economics. Paper presented at the Symposium Aftermath of Cocoa Pod Borer organized by Cocoa Pod Borer Vigilante Committee - Perak and North Selangor, Lumut, 13 December 1993. Zuhaidi, A., Kollert, W. and Weinland, G. 1994. Growth of three plantation grown dipterocarp species in Peninsular Malaysia. Paper presented at the International Symposium on Growth and Yield of Tropical Forests. Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan, 27 September - 1 October 1994.
Non-Timber Forest Products from Dipterocarps M.P. Shiva and I. Jantan Introduction In the last half of the twentieth century timber has become the most important economic product from dipterocarps, but it does not have much impact on rural communities. Instead, the non-timber forest products (NTFPs) from dipterocarps such as nuts, dammar, resin and camphor, have a larger impact on the economies of the rural people and forest dwellers. In the past several decades synthetic materials have diminished the value of some dipterocarp NTFPs but at the same time others are beginning to gain value. As a result researchers have paid little attention to NTFPs and there is little detailed information on them. Their value to rural communities would have been better appreciated and critical in balancing the forces favouring logging against other socio-economic benefits. The advantages of managing NTFPs, previously known as minor forest products, are often ignored. Unlike timber, they are available at more frequent intervals and their harvesting is usually less destructive to the tree. Their value can be high, and as in some cases described here, may even pay towards the establishment of plantations for their production. In this chapter, the various NTFPs from dipterocarps are described, and wherever possible additional information on the methods of extraction, their industrial application and economic value is given. Ancient Records of Dipterocarps Perhaps the oldest written records of dipterocarps come from India; records of utilisation of dipterocarp timber and other products exist there since ancient times. The birth place of Buddha was Lumbini, situated on the bank of the River Rohini where there were groves of Shorea robusta (sal), called ‘Mangala Salvana’. Sukraniti and Kautilya have regarded sal amongst the strongest timber Chapter 10 yielding trees of the forest. Plant remains excavated from Pataliputra show that sal was used for a wooden palisade made 2000 years ago. In Southeast Asia there is a long tradition of the use of NTFPs from dipterocarps. Their trade was extensive, and from the 1st century A.D. Chinese and Indian traders regularly visited the Southeast Asian ports for these products. Marco Polo’s chronicles of 1299 mention the trade of camphor (from Dryobalanops aromatica) by Arabs since the 6th century. NTFPs From Dipterocarps Much of the knowledge on the use of dipterocarp NTFPs is concentrated in two main regions, South Asia and Southeast Asia (mainly Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines). In both regions, the dipterocarp products are essentially the same and four broad classes are predominant, viz., resins, dammar, camphor and butter fat. Besides these principal products, other plant parts, such as leaves and bark, are used to derive certain products. In both regions the extraction methods are common, however, the specific species yielding these products vary. Despite their importance, they have not been systematically exploited and have remained undervalued. Resins The dipterocarps are an important source of resins. The resin is secreted in cavities, and normally oozes out through the bark. The resins are of two kinds. The first is a liquid resin which contains resinous material and essential oils (oleoresins), remains liquid in nature and has a distinct aroma. It is often referred to as oleoresin in literature. Commercial production is often through artificial wounding. The second is the hard resin which
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A Review of Dipterocarps Taxonomy,
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ã 1998 by Center for International
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Authors S. Appanah Forest Research
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SPINs Species Improvement Network T
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Foreword The Center for Internation
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Introduction As a consequence, much
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Introduction each project that is m
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Biogeography and Evolutionary Syste
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Conservation of Genetic Resources i
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Seed Physiology P.B. Tompsett Seed
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Seed Physiology 59 (Sasaki 1980, Ya
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Seed Physiology 61 § orthodox; and
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Seed Physiology 63 Table 4. Lowest-
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Seed Physiology 65 Table 5. (contin
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Seed Physiology 67 Table 6. Viabili
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Seed Physiology 69 Dipterocarp seed
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Seed Physiology 71 Roberts, E.H. 19
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Seed Handling 74 viability of the s
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Seed Handling 76 the basic activiti
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Seed Handling 78 Table 2. Seed (fru
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Seed Handling 80 Table 3. Mean inse
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Seed Handling 82 Seedling storage u
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Seed Handling 84 air will ensure ra
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Seed Handling 86 ASEAN Forest Tree
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Seed Handling 88 Tompsett, P.B. and
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Seedling Ecology of Mixed-Dipteroca
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Table
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Table
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition specie
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition in Sab
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition where
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition 5. Lim
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Group
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Takaha
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Pests and Diseases of Dipterocarpac
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Page 139 and 140: Management of Natural Forests S. Ap
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Page 157 and 158: Plantations 152 macrocarpa, V. indi
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Page 165 and 166: Plantations 160 ‘Predictive Test
Page 167 and 168: Plantations 162 Qureshi et al. (196
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Page 171 and 172: Plantations 166 are removed. Anothe
Page 173 and 174: Plantations 168 intervention. Sange
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Page 177 and 178: Plantations 172 diameter of 46.3 m
Page 179 and 180: Plantations 174 Ang, L.H., Maruyama
Page 181 and 182: Plantations 176 Cheah, L.C. 1971. A
Page 183 and 184: Plantations 178 Kadambi, K. 1957. B
Page 185 and 186: Plantations 180 Moura-Costa, P. 199
Page 187 and 188: Plantations 182 Regional Workshop o
Page 189: Plantations 184 Conference on Dipte
Page 193 and 194: Non-Timber Forest Products from Dip
Page 203 and 204: Scientific Index BIXALES, 25 BOLETA
Page 205 and 206: Scientific Index EPHEMEROPTERA, 119
Page 207 and 208: Scientific Index Ovalis section, 8,
Page 209 and 210: Scientific Index Shorea leptoderma,
Page 211 and 212: Scientific Index VATERINAE sub-trib
Page 213 and 214: General Index barus kapur, 192-3 ba
Page 215 and 216: General Index endangered species, i
Page 217 and 218: General Index distribution, 15 enda
Page 219 and 220: General Index nurse crops, 161, 165
Page 221 and 222: General Index seed material, cryopr
Page 223: General Index TPI, 139 tractors, 15
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