A review of dipterocarps - Center for International Forestry Research

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Biogeography and Evolutionary Systematics of Dipterocarpaceae Table 1. Recent content of Dipterocarpaceae family. Families Sub families Genera Maguire et al. 1977, Maguire and Ashton 1980 Dipterocarpaceae Monotoideae Monotes Marquesia Pakaraimoideae Pakaraimaea Dipterocarpoideae see table 2 Maury 1978, Maury-Lechon 1979a, b* Monotaceae Monotoideae Monotes Marquesia Pakaraimoideae Pakaraimaea Dipterocarpaceae see table 2 see table 2 Kostermans 1978, 1985, 1989 Monotaceae Monotes Marquesia Pakaraimaea Dipterocarpaceae see table 2 see table 2 Londoño et al. 1995 Monotoideae Pseudomonotes Monotes Marquesia * presented 1977, no formal status for taxonomic ranks, emphasis on greater affinities among taxa. the data now available, and the collaboration of still active workers, to define a solution acceptable to all in the laboratory, herbaria and field and the timber markets. First, however, more collections are needed of what appear to be key characters, in order to test their validity, particularly among species currently difficult to assign to supraspecific groupings. Botany Pakaraimaea are relatively small trees or sometimes even shrubs with alternate leaves (Table 3), conduplicate in aestivation, triangular stipules tomentulose outside and glabrous within, early fugaceous, glabrescent petioles, inflorescences axillary, racemi-paniculate, flowers 5-merous, petals shorter than sepals, neither connate at the base nor forming a cup and not winged at all, all 5 sepals become ampliate and none alate, calyx persistent, anthers deeply basi-versatile, connective conspicuously projected as an apical appendage, pollen grains tricolporate, exine 4-layered, ovary 5-locular (rarely 4), each loculus 2-ovulate (rarely 4), fruit with 5 aliform short sepals, capsule at length dehiscent or splitting along dorsal line of carpel, wood, leaves and ovary devoid of resin or secretory canals, wood rays dominantly biseriate. No economic use is known (Maguire et al. 1977, Maguire and Steyermark 1981). Monotoideae are of three genera, Monotes, Pseudomonotes and Marquesia, and are trees or shrubs (Table 3). They have alternate leaves presenting an extrafloral nectary at the base of the midrib above (Verdcourt 1989), small caducous stipules papyraceous, inflorescences in simple panicles, flowers 5-merous, 5 sepals equally accrescent, petals longer than sepals and variously pubescent, calyx persistent, anthers basiversatile with apical connective-appendage scarcely to somewhat developed, pollen grains tricolporate, exine 4-layered; ovary 1 to 3 locular (rarely 2, 4 or 5) with generally 2 ovules in each locule (rarely 4) except in Pseudomonotes (1 only), wood, ovary and commonly leaves without resin ducts, fruit sepals aliform and neither connate at the base nor forming a cupule, wood rays dominantly uniseriate. In Marquesia, trees are tall to medium-sized and buttressed, leaves evergreen and acuminate, nerves prominent with tertiary venation densely reticulate, indumentum of simple hairs and minute spherical glands on nerves and venation; flowers are small in terminal and axillary panicles; ovary 3-locular becoming 1-locular above parietal placentation, 6 ovules; fruit is ovoid with 5 wings derived from the accrescent calyx, often 1seeded and apically 2, 3 or 4-dehiscent. Monotes are shrubs to medium-sized trees without buttresses, with leaves mostly rounded or retuse at apex, rarely acuminate, with more or less rounded extra-floral nectary at the base of the midrib above and sometimes additional ones in lower nerve-axils, with very varied indumentum and small spherical glands sparse or dense on both surfaces which often make the blades viscid, flowers in axillary small or compound panicles, ovary ovoid and hairy completely divided in 1, 2 or 3 (sometimes 4: Maury 1970b, or 5: Verdcourt 1989) locules with 2 ovules in each locule, fruit subglobose presenting 5 equal minutely hairy wings derived from accrescent calyx, fruit normally 1-seeded and indehiscent (often 2, sometimes 3 or 4, rarely 5; in Maury 1970b). Pseudomonotes trees are 25-30 m tall with a 70-80 cm diameter, with poorly developed buttresses. This species forms entire alternate leaves conduplicate in 7
Biogeography and Evolutionary Systematics of Dipterocarpaceae Table 2. Recent (1994) genera, sections and sub-sections related to Dipterocarpaceae and authors. (Londoño et al. 1995: new genus Pseudomonotes included, into Monotoideae sensu Maguire et al.) Ashton 1964, 68, 77, 80, 82 Meijer and Wood 1964, 76 Maury 1978 Maury-Lechon 1979a, b s.: section; s.s.: sub-section; s.g.: sub-genus; subgr.: sub-group. Kostermans 1978, 81a, b, c, 82a, b, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 92 1 Hopea 1 Hopea 1 Hopea 1 Hopea s.Hopea s.Hopea s.s.Hopea s.s.Hopea s.s.Pierrea s.s.Pierrea s.Dryobalanoides s.Dryobalanoides s.s.Dryobalanoides s.s.Dryobalanoides s.s.Sphaerocarpae s.s.Sphaerocarpae 2 Neobalanocarpus not yet created 2 Neobalanocarpus 2 Balanocarpus heimii 3 Balanocarpus 3 Shorea 2 Shorea 3 Shorea 4 Shorea s.Shorea s.Shoreae Shorea including s.s.Shoreae s.g.Eushorea= Shorea s. Barbatae Pentacme genus s.s.Barbata (1992: p.60) s.Richetioides 4 Richetia s.s.Richetioides s.g.Richetia s.Richetioides s.s.Polyandrae s.Maximae s.Anthoshorea s.g.Anthoshorea 5 Anthoshorea s.g.Rubroshorea 6 Rubroshorea s.Mutica subgr.Parvifolia s.Muticae s.s.Mutica s.s.Muticae s.s.Auriculatae s.s.Auriculatae s.Ovalis subgr.Ovalis s.Ovalis s.Neohopea s.Rubellae s.Rubella s.Neohopeae s.Brachypterae s.Brachypterae s.s.Brachypterae subgr.Pauciflora s.s.Brachypterae s.s.Smithiana subgr.Smithiana s.s.Smithianeae s.Pachycarpae subgr.Pinanga s.Pachycarpae s.Doona 7 Doona 5 Doona s.Pentacme 8 Pentacme 4 Parashorea 3 Parashorea 9 Parashorea 6 Parashorea 5 Dryobalanops 4 Dryobalanops 10 Dryobalanops 7 Dryobalanops 6 Dipterocarpus 5 Dipterocarpus 11 Dipterocarpus 8 Dipterocarpus 7 Anisoptera 6 Anisoptera 12 Anisoptera 9 Anisoptera s.Anisoptera s.Pilosae s.Anisoptera s.Glabrae s.Glabrae s.Glabrae 8 Upuna 7 Upuna 13 Upuna 10 Upuna 9 Cotylelobium 8 Cotylelobium 14 Cotylelobium 10 Vatica 9 Vatica 15 Sunaptea 11 Sunaptea (+Coty.) s.Sunaptea s.g.Synaptea 16 Vatica 12 Vatica s.Vatica s.g.Isauxis s.Vatica (s.Pachynocarpus 1964) s.g.Pachynocarpus s.Pachynocarpus 11 Stemonoporus 17 Stemonoporus 13 Stemonoporus 12 Vateria 18 Vateria 14 Vateria 13 Vateriopsis 14 Monotes 15 Marquesia 16 Pakaraimaea 19 Vateriopsis 15 Vateriopsis 8
Page 1 and 2: A Review of Dipterocarps Taxonomy,
Page 3 and 4: ã 1998 by Center for International
Page 5 and 6: Authors S. Appanah Forest Research
Page 7 and 8: SPINs Species Improvement Network T
Page 9 and 10: Foreword The Center for Internation
Page 11 and 12: Introduction As a consequence, much
Page 13 and 14: Introduction each project that is m
Page 15: Biogeography and Evolutionary Syste
Page 19 and 20: Biogeography and Evolutionary Syste
Page 55 and 56: Conservation of Genetic Resources i
Page 65 and 66: Seed Physiology P.B. Tompsett Seed
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Seed Physiology 59 (Sasaki 1980, Ya
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Seed Physiology 61 § orthodox; and
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Seed Physiology 63 Table 4. Lowest-
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Seed Physiology 65 Table 5. (contin
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Seed Physiology 67 Table 6. Viabili
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Seed Physiology 69 Dipterocarp seed
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Seed Physiology 71 Roberts, E.H. 19
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Seed Handling 74 viability of the s
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Seed Handling 76 the basic activiti
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Seed Handling 78 Table 2. Seed (fru
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Seed Handling 80 Table 3. Mean inse
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Seed Handling 82 Seedling storage u
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Seed Handling 84 air will ensure ra
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Seed Handling 86 ASEAN Forest Tree
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Seed Handling 88 Tompsett, P.B. and
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Seedling Ecology of Mixed-Dipteroca
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Table
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Table
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition specie
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition in Sab
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition where
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition 5. Lim
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Group
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Root Symbiosis and Nutrition Takaha
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Pests and Diseases of Dipterocarpac
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Management of Natural Forests S. Ap
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Management of Natural Forests about
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Management of Natural Forests 4. Cl
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Management of Natural Forests were
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Management of Natural Forests incre
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Management of Natural Forests 1. He
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Management of Natural Forests which
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Management of Natural Forests Cheng
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Management of Natural Forests Uebel
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Plantations 152 macrocarpa, V. indi
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Plantations 154 are: Dipterocarpus
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Plantations 156 and no longer in ne
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Plantations 158 able to store them
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Plantations 160 ‘Predictive Test
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Plantations 162 Qureshi et al. (196
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Plantations 164 Tomboc and Basada (
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Plantations 166 are removed. Anothe
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Plantations 168 intervention. Sange
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Plantations 170 mono-layered. The r
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Plantations 172 diameter of 46.3 m
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Plantations 174 Ang, L.H., Maruyama
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Plantations 176 Cheah, L.C. 1971. A
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Plantations 178 Kadambi, K. 1957. B
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Plantations 180 Moura-Costa, P. 199
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Plantations 182 Regional Workshop o
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Plantations 184 Conference on Dipte
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Non-Timber Forest Products from Dip
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Scientific Index BIXALES, 25 BOLETA
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Scientific Index EPHEMEROPTERA, 119
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Scientific Index Ovalis section, 8,
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Scientific Index Shorea leptoderma,
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Scientific Index VATERINAE sub-trib
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General Index barus kapur, 192-3 ba
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General Index endangered species, i
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General Index distribution, 15 enda
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General Index nurse crops, 161, 165
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General Index seed material, cryopr
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General Index TPI, 139 tractors, 15
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